CHP 28: TOXICOLOGY Flashcards
poison vs drug vs toxin
poison: could damage structures or impair function
drug: has therapeutic effect if given in appropriate circumstance and dose
toxin: poison or harmful substance produced by bacteria, animals, or plants
what is bioavailability
percentage of unchanged substance present in systemic circulation
what is half-life
amount of time needed for average person to metabolize/eliminate 50% of substance in plasma
two categories of toxicologic emergencies
intentional and unintentional
what substances are most common source of poisoning
analgesic substances
Poison Control Center hotline
1-800-222-1222
four methods of substance entry
ingestion, inhalation, injection, absorption
what is chemical suicide also called and what is it
detergent suicide
mixing household chemicals in enclosed space to create toxic gases
what two poisonings can cause falsely high pulse ox readings
carbon monoxide and cyanide
what is speedballing
simultaneous use of heroin and cocaine
what is a toxidrome
syndromelike symptoms associated with class or group of similar poisonous agents
opioid toxidrome S/S
pinpoint pupils and AMS
decreased RR, HR, BP, and LOC
sympathomimetic toxidrome S/S
diaphoresis, dilated pupils, agitation, and seizures
high BP, HR, RR, temp
sedative-hypnotic toxidrome S/S
drowsiness, ataxia, slurred speech, confusion, CNS depression
decreased RR
cholinergic toxidrome S/S
DUMBELS - diarrhea, urination, constricted pupils, muscle weakness, bradycardia, emesis, lacrimation, seizures, salivation, and sweating
anticholinergic toxidrome S/S
flushed, dry skin, AMS, blindness, and urinary retention
high BP, HR, and temp
serotonin toxidrome S/S
agitation, ataxia, diaphoresis, diarrhea, AMS, shivering, tremor
increased HR and temp
causative agent that smells like bitter almonds
cyanide
causative agent that smells like garlic
arsenic, organophosphates
causative agent that smells like acetone
alcohols
causative agent that smells like wintergreen
methyl salicylate
causative agent that smells like pears
chloral hydrate
causative agent that smells like violets
turpentine
causative agent that smells like camphor
camphor
what is habituation
dependence on drug
what is drug misuse
causes harm to user or other
what is physical dependence
adaptation to drug caused by chronic use (tolerance and withdrawal)
what is psychological dependence
emotional state of craving
what is tolerance
physiologic adaptation to effects of drug
what is drug addiction
use of substance even though it causes harm to user
what is antagonist
blocks ability of given chemical to bind to its receptor
what is potentiation
enhancement of effect of one drug by another drug
what is synergism
two substances’ effects are greater than the sum of the two individually
what form of alcohol is in alcoholic beverages
ethyl alcohol or ethanol
what is alcohol use disorder
medical condition with physical and psychological addiction to ethanol
how does alcohol affect brain
depresses frontal lobe’s decision making process or inhibitions
minor alcohol withdrawal symptoms vs significant withdrawal
minor: restlessness, anxiety, agitation, tremors
significant: high BP and HR, vomiting, hallucinations, delirium tremens
how are esophageal varices formed
blood flow to liver is blocked and blood backs up into smaller vesssels in esophagus
at what BAC can death from alcohol intoxication occur
0.40%
what syndrome can manifest from thiamine deficiency in alcoholics
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
what is cocaine washout syndrome
hypoactive state related to lack of snaptic neurotransmitters
what electrolyte does cocaine affect and how does it affect heart
sodium channel-blocker - widened QRS or prolonged QT
