A&P CHAPTER 23: FLUID, ELECTROLYTE, AND ACID-BASE BALANCE Flashcards
TWO MAJOR FLUID COMPARMENTS
INTRACELLULAR AND EXTRACELLULAR
EXTRACELLULAR VS INTRACELLULAR FLUID COMPARTMENT
EXTRACELLULAR: ALL FLUID OUTSIDE OF CELLS
INTRACELLULAR: ALL WATER/ELECTROLYTES ENCLOSED BY CELL MEMBRANES
SOLUTES ARE CLASSIFIED AS ___ OR ___
ELECTROLYTES (SALTS, PROTEINS, ACIDS, BASES)
OR
NONELECTROLYTES (CANT DISSOCIATE IN A SOLUTION - LIPIDS, CREATINE, GLUCOSE)
WHAT IS THE UNIVERSAL SOLVENT
WATER
MOST EXTRACELLULAR FLUIDS CONTAIN HIGH AMOUNTS OF ___ AND ___
SODIUM (CATION)
CHLORIDE (ANION)
INTRACELLULAR FLUIDS CONTAIN HIGH AMOUNTS OF (3)
POTASSIUM (CATION)
HYDROGEN PHOSPHATE (ANION)
EXCHANGES BETWEEN PLASMA AND INTERSTITIAL FLUID OCCUR ACROSS ____ AND USE ____
CAPILLARY WALLS
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
EXCHANGES BETWEEN INTERSTITIAL FLUID AND INTRACELLULAR FLUID OCCUR ACROSS ___ AND USE ____
PLASMA MEMBRANES
PERMEABILITY
ADH INCREASES ___ AND DECREASES ____
INCREASES WATER REABSORPTION AND REDUCES URINE PRODUCTION
INCREASES IN BODY FLUID OSMOLALITY DOES WHAT VS DECREASE IN BODY FLUID OSMOLALITY
INCREASE: TRIGGERS THIRST AND CAUSES ADH RELEASE (STOP PEEING)
DECREASE: STOPS THIRST AND STOPS ADH RELEASE (MORE PEE)
WHERE IS THE THIRST CENTER LOCATED
HYPOTHALAMUS
STIMULI THAT AFFECT WATER INTAKE
OSMORECEPTORS (DRY MOUTH) AND DECREASE IN BLOOD VOLUME OR BLOOD PRESSURE
ROLE OF ALDOSTERONE
HELPS REGULATION OF WATER BALANCE
WHERE IS ALDOSTERONE PRODUCED
ADRENAL GLAND CORTEX
CYCLE OF ALDOSTERONE FOR BLOOD PRESSURE
RENIN IS RELEASED BY KIDNEYS DURING LOW BLOOD PRESSURE
RENIN COMES IN CONTACT WITH ANGIOTENSINOGEN FROM LIVER WHICH TURNS ANGIOTENSINOGEN INTO ANGIOTENSIN 1
ANGIOTENSIN 1 IS CONVERTED TO ANGIOTENSIN 2 BY ENZYMES IN LUNGS
ANGIOTENSIN 2 REACHES ADRENAL CORTEX (GLANDS) AND TELLS IT TO RELEASE ALDOSTERONE
ALDOSTERONE REACHES KIDNEYS AND INCREASES REABSORPTION OF SODIUM IN KIDNEY
THIS INCREASES BLOOD VOLUME AND PRESSURE AND SHUTS OFF THE FEEDBACK LOOP
ROLE OF ATRIAL NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE
HORMONE PRODUCED BY SPECIALIZED MYOCARDIAL CELLS, SECRETED BY NEURONS FROM HYPOTHALAMUS
INCREASES GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE AND STOPS RELEASE OF RENIN (ALSO STOPPING ALDOSTERONE)
REDUCED THIRST AND BLOCKS RELEASE OF ADH
DECREASES BLOOD PRESSURE
HYPER/HYPO NATREMIA
SODIUM
HYPER/HYPO KALEMIA
POTASSIUM
HYPER/HYPO CALCEMIA
CALCIUM
HYPER/HYPO PHOSPHATEMIA
PHOSPHATE
HYPER/HYPO CHLOREMIA
CHLORIDE
HYPER/HYPO MAGNESEMIA
MAGNESIUM
WHAT DOES HYPOKALEMIA CAUSE
EXTENSIVE MUSCULAR WEAKNESS FOLLOWED BY PARALYSIS
DEATH BY AFFECTING CARDIAC FUNCTION
HYPERCALCEMIA IS USUALLY CAUSED BY
HYPOCALCEMIA IS USUALLY CAUSED BY
HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
HYPOPARATHYROIDISM
ELECTROLYTES THAT DISSOCIATED IN WATER TO RELEASE HYDROGEN IONS
ACIDS
ELECTROLYTES THAT RELEASE IONS THAT COMBINE WITH HYDROGEN IONS
BASES
STRONG ACIDS DISSOCIATED TO RELEASE ___
WEAK ACIDS RELEASE ____
STRONG: HYDROGEN IONS MORE COMPLETELY
WEAK: LESS COMPLETELY
STRONG BASES DISSOCIATE TO RELEASE MORE ____ THAN WEAK BASES
HYDROXIDE IONS
MOST IMORTANT FACTOR AFFECTING PH OF BODY TISSUES
PARTIAL PRESSURE OF CARBON DIOXIDE
WHAT ARE ACID-BASE BUFFER SYSTEMS
CHEMICALS THAT COMBINE WITH EXCESS ACIDS OR BASES
3 TYPES OF ACID-BASE BUFFER SYSTEMS
BICARBONATE, PHOSPHATE, AND PROTEIN
WHAT DO BUFFERS DO UNDER ACIDIC CONDITIONS
CONBINES WITH HYDROGEN ION
WHAT DO BUFFERS DO UNDER ALKALINE CONDITIONS
RELEASES A HYDROGEN ION
BLOOD PH VALUES BELOW 7.35 ARE ___
ACIDOSIS
BLOOD PH VALUES ABOVE 7.45 ARE ___
ALKALOSIS
RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS
DECREASED RESPIRATIONS
HIGH CO2
HIGH BICARBONATE LEVELS
LOW BLOOD PH
RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS
HYPERVENTILATING
LOW CO2
LOW BICARBONATE LEVELS
HIGH BLOOD PH
METABOLIC ACIDOSIS
HYPERVENTILATING
LOW CO2
LOW BICARBONATE LEVELS
LOW PH
METABOLIC ALKALOSIS IS CAUSED BY
DECREASED RESPIRATIONS
HIGH CO2
HIGH BICARBONATE LEVELS
HIGH PH
WHAT SYSTEM IS RESPONSIBLE FOR METABOLIC ACID-BASE IMBALANCES
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
WHAT SYSTEM IS RESPONSIBLE FOR RESPIRATORY ACID-BASE IMBALANCES
URINARY SYSTEM
