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PARAMEDIC SCHOOL > A&P CHAPTER 11: NEURAL TISSUE > Flashcards

A&P CHAPTER 11: NEURAL TISSUE Flashcards

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1
Q

UNIT WHICH ALL NERVOUS SYSTEM ACTIVITY IS BASED ON IS THE ___

A

NEURON

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2
Q

WHAT TYPE OF CELL DO NEURONS REQUIRE?

A

NEUROGLIA

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3
Q

WHAT DO NEUROGLIA DO?

A

SUPPORT THE FUNCTIONS OF THE NEURONS

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4
Q

WHAT DO SENSORY RECEPTORS DO?

A

MONITOR CHANGES OUTSIDE/INSIDE OF BODY

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5
Q

WHAT IS INTEGRATION?

A

NERVOUS SYSTEM PROCESSING INFO TO DETERMINE HOW IT SHOULD REACT

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6
Q

WHAT DOES THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM CONSIST OF ?

A

BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD

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6
Q

WHAT DOES THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM CONSIST OF ?

A

NERVES CONNECTING CNS TO BODY

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6
Q

WHAT DOES THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM CONSIST OF ?

A

NERVES CONNECTING CNS TO BODY

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7
Q

WHAT IS THE SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM ALSO KNOWN AS?

A

VOLUNTARY NERVOUS SYSTEM

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8
Q

WHAT IS THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM ALSO KNOWN AS?

A

INVOLUNTARY NERVOUS SYSTEM

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9
Q

EXPLAIN HOW THE NERVOUS SYSTEM IS BRANCHED OUT

A

NERVOUS SYSTEM IS DIVIDED INTO CENTRAL NS AND PERIPHERAL NS
PERIPHERAL NS IS DIVIDED INTO SENSORY FUNCTIONS AND MOTOR FUNCTIONS
MOTOR FUNCTIONS IS DIVIDED INTO SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM AND AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM IS DIVIDED INTO SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC

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9
Q

WHAT DOES THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM CONSIST OF ?

A

NERVES CONNECTING CNS TO BODY

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10
Q

SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM AFFECTS WHAT?

A

SKELETAL MUSCLE

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11
Q

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM AFFECTS WHAT?

A

SMOOTH/CARDIAC MUSCLE AND GLAND EFFECTORS

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12
Q

SYMPATHETIC SYSTEM “___”

A

FIGHT OR FLIGHT

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13
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC SYSTEM “____”

A

REST AND DIGEST

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14
Q

WHAT DOES THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM CONSIST OF ?

A

NERVES CONNECTING CNS TO BODY

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14
Q

WHAT CAN NEUROGLIA DO THAT NEURONS CANT?

A

DIVIDE

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15
Q

APPROX. HOW MANY NEUROGLIA TO EVERY 1 NEURON

A

10

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16
Q

ASTROCYTES

A

CNS NEUROGLIA - MOST ABUNDANT
ANCHOR NEURONS AND BLOOD VESSELS TOGETHER

MAINTAIN BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER

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17
Q

EPENDYMAL CELLS

A

CNS NEUROGLIA
LINE THE CENTRAL BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD CAVITIES

FORM A PERMEABLE BARRIER BETWEEN CEREBROSPINAL FLUID AND THE TISSUE FLUID

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18
Q

MICROGLIAL CELLS

A

CNS NEUROGLIA - LEAST NUMEROUS
PHAGOCYTIZE BACTERIAL CELLS AND CELL DEBRIS

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19
Q

WHAT DOES THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM CONSIST OF ?

A

NERVES CONNECTING CNS TO BODY

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19
Q

OLIGODENDROCYTES

A

CNS NEUROGLIA
PROVIDE INSULATING LAYERS OF MYELIN AROUND AXONS WITHIN THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD

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20
Q

WHITE MATTER VS GREY MATTER

A

WHITE MATTER: AREAS MADE UP OF MYELINATED AXONS
GREY MATTER: AREAS OF UNMYELINATED AXONS

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22
Q

SATELLITE CELLS

A

PNS NEUROGLIA
SURROUND NEURON CELL BODIES

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23
Q

SCHWANN CELLS

A

PNS NEUROGLIA
FORM MYELIN SHEATH AROUND AXONS
DO NOT TOUCH, GAPS IN MYELIN SHEATH

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24
Q

NEURONS BEING AMITOTIC MEANS WHAT

A

THEY CANNOT DIVIDE

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25
Q

_____ ARE CLUSTERS OF CELL BODIES IN THE CNS AND ____ ARE THE CLUSTERS OF CELL BODIES IN THE PNS

A

NUCLEI
GANGLIA

26
Q

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DENDRITES AND AXONS

A

DENDRITES (NUMEROUS PER NEURON) RECEIVE ELECTROCHEMICAL MESSAGES; AXONS (ONE PER NEURON) SEND THEM OUT

27
Q

GAPS BETWEEN THE MYELIN SHEATHS ARE KNOWN AS ____

A

NODES OF RANVIER

28
Q

HOW ARE NERVE FIBERS CLASSIFIED?

A

DIAMETER, DEGREE OF MYELINATION, SPEED OF CONDUCTION

29
Q

GROUP A NERVE FIBERS

A

LARGEST DIAMETER
THICK MYELIN SHEATHS
CONDUCT IMPULSES AT 100MPH

30
Q

GROUP B NERVE FIBERS

A

INTERMEDIATE DIAMETER
LIGH MYELINATION
CONDUCT IMPULSES AT 30MPH

31
Q

GROUP C NERVE FIBERS

A

SMALLEST DIAMETER
NONMYELINATED
CONDUCT IMPULSES AT 2MPH OR LESS

32
Q

HOW ARE NEURONS CLASSIFIED

A

BY THE NUMBER OF PROCESSES THAT EXTEND FROM THEIR CELL BODIES

33
Q

MULTIPOLAR NEURONS

A

3+ PROCESSES FROM THEIR CELL BODIES
MOST COMMON
LIE WITHIN BRAIN/SPINAL CORD

34
Q

BIPOLAR NEURONS

A

2 PROCESSES
VERY RARE
IN EYES AND NOSE

35
Q

UNIPOLAR NEURONS

A

1 PROCESS
OUTSIDE THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD

36
Q

SENSORY NEURONS AKA ___

A

AFFERENT NEURONS

37
Q

MOTOR NEURONS AKA ___

A

EFFERENT NEURONS

38
Q

SENSORY NEURONS

A

CARRY NERVE IMPULSES FROM BODY PARTS INTO THE CNS

39
Q

MOTOR NEURONS

A

CONDUCT ACTION POTENTIALS AWAY FROM CNS TOWARD MUSCLES OR GLANDS

40
Q

INTEROCEPTORS

A

SENSATION OF DEEP PRESSURE, DIGESTION, PAIN

41
Q

EXTEROCEPTORS

A

PERCEPTION OF 5 SENSES, TEMP, AND EQUILIBRIUM

42
Q

PROPRIOCEPTORS

A

PERCEPTION OF MUSCLE AND JOINT MOVEMENT/POSITION

43
Q

WHAT DOES THRESHOLD POTENTIAL CAUSE

A

PERMEABILITY TO SUDDENLY CHANGE AND CHANNELS TO OPEN

44
Q

WHAT IS ACTION POTENTIAL

A

RAPID SEQUENCE OF DEPOLARIZATION AND REPOLARIZATION

45
Q

DEPOLARIZATION IS INSIDE OF MEMBRANE BECOMING ___ NEGATIVE

A

LESS

46
Q

HYPERPOLARIZATION IS INSIDE OF MEMBRANE BECOMING ___ NEGATIVE

A

MORE

47
Q

WHAT HAPPENS DURING POLARIZED STATE

A

CELL IS MAINTAINING RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
ALL GATED SODIUM AND POTASSIUM ION CHANNELS ARE CLOSED

48
Q

WHAT HAPPENS DURING DEPOLARIZATION PHASE

A

OPENS SODIUM CHANNELS
SODIUM RUSHES INTO CELL
CELL BECOMES LESS NEGATIVE

49
Q

WHAT HAPPENS DURING REPOLARIZATION PHASE

A

SODIUM CHANNELS ARE CLOSING
POTASSIUM CHANNELS OPEN AND POTASSIUM LEAVES THE CELL

50
Q

WHAT HAPPENS DURING HYPERPOLARIZATION

A

SOME POTASSIUM CHANNELS REMAIN OPEN
SODIUM CHANNELS ARE RESET
EXCESSIVE POTASSIUM GETS INTO CELL BEFORE THE POTASSIUM CHANNELS CLOSE

51
Q

WHAT IS THE PHENOMENON THAT ACTION POTENTIAL WILL NOT HAPPEN UNLESS THRESHOLD IS MET

A

“ALL-OR-NONE”

52
Q

ABSOLUTE REFRACTORY PERIOD

A

PERIOD FROM WHICH SODIUM CHANNELS OPEN UNTIL THEY BEGIN TO RESET TO THEIR RESTING STATE

53
Q

RELATIVE REFRACTORY PERIOD

A

FOLLOWS ABSOLUTE REFRACTORY PERIOD
MOST SODIUM CHANNELS ARE IN RESTING STATE BUT SOME POTASSIUM CHANNELS ARE STILL OPEN

54
Q

LEAKAGE CHANNELS

A

OPEN CONSTANTLY

55
Q

GATED CHANNELS

A

OPEN AND CLOSE BASED ON SIGNALS

56
Q

VOLTAGE-GATED CHANNELS

A

OPEN OR CLOSE BASED ON CHANGES IN TRANSMEMBRANE POTENTIAL

57
Q

MECHANICALLY GATED CHANNELS

A

OPEN OR CLOSE BASED ON PHYSICAL DISTORTIONS OF MEMBRANE

58
Q

RESTING POTENTIAL

A

POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE (DIFFERENCE IN CHARGES) IN A RESTING NERVE CELL

59
Q

A JUNCTION BETWEEN TWO COMMUNICATING NEURONS IS CALLED A ___

A

SYNAPSE

60
Q

GAP BETWEEN NEURONS IS CALLED THE ___

A

SYNAPTIC CLEFT

61
Q

A SYNAPSE BETWEEN A NEURON AND MUSCLE CELL IS A ____

A

NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION

62
Q

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PRESYNAPTIC NEURON AND POSTSYNAPTIC NEURON

A

PRESYNAPTIC: CARRIES IMPULSE TO SYNAPSE
POSTSYNAPTIC: NEURON RECEIVING THE IMPULSE

63
Q

ANTEROGRADE VS RETROGRADE

A

ANTEROGRADE: MOVE FROM CELL BODY TO SYNAPTIC TERMINAL
RETROGRADE: FROM SYNAPTIC TERMINAL TO CELL BODY

64
Q

___ SYNAPSES ARE LESS COMMON THAN ___ SYNAPSES

A

ELECTRICAL, CHEMICAL

65
Q

EXCITATORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL

A

NEUROTRANSMITTER ARRIVING AT THE POSTSYNAPTIC MEMBRANE FROM CHEMICALLY GATED MEMBRANE CHANNELS BEING OPENED

66
Q

TEMPORAL VS SPATIAL SUMMATION

A

TEMPORAL: STIMULI ADDED TO ONE SYNAPSE IN A RAPID SUCCESSION
SPATIAL: SIMULTANEOUS STIMULI TO DIFFERENT LOCATIONS

PARAMEDIC SCHOOL (74 decks)

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