CHP 27: INFECTIOUS DISEASES Flashcards
what is the Ryan White CARE Act
law requiring medical facilities to notify EMS personnel of airborne diseases diagnosed in transported pts ASAP or within 48 hrs
endemic, epidemic, and pandemic
endemic: disease remaining steady in geographic area
epidemic: rising caseload
pandemic: large number of people worldwide
what is virulence
organism’s ability to invade and create disease in a host
what is host resistance
your ability to fight off infection
bacteria vs viruses
bacteria: grow/reproduce outside human
viruses: smaller than bacteria, only multiply inside host
what is the incubation period
period between exposure to organism and first illness symptoms
what is communicable period
period when person can transmit illness to someone else
what does the respiratory tract secrete to destroy bacteria
lysozymes
what lines the GI tract to protect against bacteria and what do they secrete
goblet cells
highly acidic and alkaline secretions
what is sepsis
body’s overreaction to an infection or virus which can progress to shock
S/S of sepsis
shivering, fever, extreme pain, clammy/discolored skin, confusion, SOB, tachycardia
what is the sepsis assessment qSOFA
1 - resp rate greater than 22
2 - altered mentation GCS <15
3 - systolic BP <100
each is one point, 2 or more is associated with poor outcomes
how much fluid to deliver for sepsis-induced hypoperfusion
30mL/kg IV in first 3 hrs
what is meningitis and its two types
inflammation of meninges (membranes covering brain and spinal cord) - bacterial and viral
which form of meningitis is communicable and how is it transmitted
bacterial - droplets
most severe type of meningitis
meningococcal meningitis
incubation period for meningococcal meningitis
2-10 days
S/S of meningitis
sudden onset fever, severe headache, stiff neck, photosensitivity, pink rash, AMS, vomiting, Kernig sign, Brudzinski sign
what is Kernig sign
pt can’t extend leg at knee when thigh is flexed
what is Brudzinski sign
involuntary flexion of knees when head is flexed toward chest
transmission and S/S of influenza
droplet-transmitted
systemic fever, shaking chills, headache, muscle pain, malaise, loss of appetite, dry protracted coughing, hoarseness, nasal discharge
transmission and S/S of pertussis
droplet-transmitted
fever, thick nasal discharge, cough that progresses to coughing spasms, “whooping, vomiting, children develop black eyes from coughing
two stages of pertussis and symptoms
catarrhal stage: runny nose, sneezing, and low-grade fever
paroxysms stage: coughing attacks
transmission and S/S of mumps
droplet-transmitted
fever, headache, muscle aches, loss of appetite, swelling of salivary glands
complications from mumps
deafness, meningitis, encephalitis, pancreatitis, death
another name for mumps
infectious parotitis
transmission and S/S of rubella
droplet-transmitted
rash that begins in face and then spreads to rest of body, headache, mild pink eye, swollen/enlarged lymph nodes, cough, runny nose
transmission and S/S of Covid-19
droplets and direct contact
fever, cough, SOB, headache, loss of smell/taste, muscle aches, sore throat, chills
3 types of tuberculosis and which one is communicable
typical, atypical, extrapulmonary
typical
TB infection vs TB disease
TB infection: (latent) TB exposure but not active disease, not contagious
TB disease: active disease
transmission and S/S of tuberculosis
airborne
persistent cough of more than 3 weeks plus one or more of the following: night sweats, headache, fever, fatigue, extreme weight loss, hemoptysis, hoarseness, or chest pain
what is varicella zoster
chickenpox
reactivation of latent VZV causes what
shingles
where does latent VZV stay in the body
sensory nerve ganglia
transmission and S/S of chickenpox
direct contact or inhalation of aerosols from lesions
rash beginning on abdomen that spreads to other parts of body, fever and photosensitivity
how to help treat itching from chickenpox
antipruritic agents
what is a vector
organism that harbors pathogens that are harmless to the organism but cause disease when transmitted to human host
what is pertussis also known as
whooping cough
what is rubella also known as
GERMAN measles
tuberculosis MDR and XDR
MDR: resistant to two or more first-line meds
XDR: resistant to two first line oral meds and at least one injectable second line medication
what is rubeola also known as
measles
transmission and S/S of rubeola
coughing/sneezing
fever, conjunctivitis, coryza, coughing, blotchy red rash starting on head, white-gray spots on mouth mucosa
what are Koplik spots
white-gray spots on mouth mucosa associated with rubeola/measles
common complications from rubeola
otitis media, bronchopneumonia, laryngotracheobrochitis, diarrhea
what is mononucleosis caused by
Epstein-Barr virus
what is the Epstein-Barr virus also suspected of causing besides mono
chronic fatigue system
transmission and S/S of mononucleosis
saliva
sore throat, fever, secretions from pharynx, swollen lymph glands, malaise, anorexia, headache, rash, muscle pain, enlarged liver or spleen
complications from mononucleosis
anemia, dehydration, splenic rupture, seizures, pneumonia
transmission and S/S of gonorrhea
sexually transmitted
pus-containing discharge, pain on urination, can progress to PID in women
3 ways syphilis can be transmitted
across placenta from mom to fetus, sexually transmitted, or blood transfusion
what is a chancre
ulcerative lesion from syphilis
symptoms of syphilis
chancres, skin rash, patchy hair loss, swollen lymph glands
complications of syphilis in tertiary stage
cardiac, ophthalmic, auditory, and CNS complications and lesions of tissues and bone
transmission and S/S of genital herpes
type 1 - oral secretions, type 2 - sexually transmitted
type 1 - oral lesions, type 2 - vesicular lesions
transmission and S/S of chlamydia
sexually transmitted
inflammation and gray/white urethral discharge
complications of chlamydia
women - PID
men - epididymitis, prostatitis, proctitis, proctocolitis
transmission and S/S of scabies
skin-to-skin, sexually transmitted, and sharing undergarments, towels, and linens
rash of small, raised red bumps causing intense itching especially at night, may developed sores from scratching rash
three types of lice
head, body, pubic
transmission and S/S of lice
direct contact with infected person or objects
severe itching/irritation, sores, eggs can be seen in hair
what causes genital warts
HPV
what can HPV cause
cervical, vulvar, and anal cancers
what happens if HPV is passed onto fetus
fetus can develop laryngeal papillomatosis (throat warts that block the airway)
what is chancroid known to facilitate transmission of
HIV
S/S of chancroid
painful sores usually in genitals, swollen lymph glands, and inguinal buboes in groin area
transmission and S/S of trichomoniasis
parasitic infection sexually transmitted
itching, frequent urination, burning, foul-smelling or pus discharge, spotting
what can untreated trichomoniasis cause
low birth weight, premature birth, and increased susceptibility to HIV
what is candidiasis
yeast infection
what is viral hepatitis
inflammation of liver produced by a virus
what is Hep B also known as and how is it transmitted
serum hepatitis
infectious blood and body fluids, sexually transmitted, blood transfusion, contaminated needles
S/S of Hep B
loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, malaise, low-grade fever, abdominal discomfort, joint aches, and later signs: darkened urine, jaundice, and icterus (yellowing of sclera)
if a smoker have a sudden distaste for cigarettes, what is the probable cause
Hep B
common routes of transmission of Hep C
needlesticks, sharing needles
S/S of Hep C
lack of appetite, nausea and vomiting, low-grade fever, abdominal distress, joint discomfort, dark urine, clay-colored bowel movements, jaundice, general feeling of illness
distribution of genotypes of hepatitis D
1: worldwide
2: Taiwan, Japan, northern Asia
3: South America
what must happen before pt can be infected with Hep D
must be infected by Hep B
transmission and S/S of HIV and AIDS
blood contact, sexually transmitted, blood transfusions
febrile illness, malaise, swollen lymph glands, headache, rash
how is HIV transitioned into AIDS
opportunistic infections: cytomegalovirus, Kaposi sarcoma, atypical TB, cryptococcal meningitis
what can cytomegalovirus cause
blindness
what is Kaposi sarcoma
red or purple skin cancers
what fungal group are fungal infections commonly caused by
dermatophytes
tinea-
S/S of fungal infections
scaly rash and itching
what is a helminth
parasitic worm
S/S of helminths
fatigue, weight loss, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting
tinea capitis
head, scalp
tinea corporis
body
tinea cruris
groin
tinea pedis
feet
tinea manuum
hands
tinea unguium
fingernails/toenails
tinea versicolor
trunk
common side effects of helminths medications
GI distress, headache, weakness, tachycardia, hypotension
transmission and S/S of hookworm
walking barefoot on contaminated soil
itching, localized rash, abdominal pain, diarrhea, loss of appetite, weight loss, fatigue
transmission of pinworm and S/S
fecal-oral route from crowded conditions like schools
itching
transmission and S/S of ebola
direct contact, blood, droplet, infected animals
sudden fever onset, intense weakness, muscle pain, headaches, sore throat, diarrhea, vomiting, rash, impaired kidney/liver function, internal/external bleeding
what causes most outbreaks of gastroenteritis and food-borne illnesses
norovirus
transmission and S/S of norovirus
direct contact, contact with contaminated surfaces, ingestion of food/water contaminated by feces
nausea, forceful vomiting, watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, weakness, low-grade fever
transmission and S/S of Hep A
fecal-oral route, contaminated drinking water, milk, sliced meats, and undercooked shellfish
fatigue, loss of appetite, fever, nausea, abdominal pain, smokers lose interest in smoking, jaundice, dark-colored urine, pale, clay-colored stools
what is Hep V also referrred to as
enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis
transmission of Hep E
fecal-oral
most common cause of vector-borne disease
ticks or mosquitoes
what are vector-borne diseases also called
zoonotic
transmission and S/S of West Nile Virus
mosquito bite
usually no symptoms but can have fever, headache, fatigue, weakness, joint pain, vomiting, diarrhea, and rash
transmission and S/S of dengue fever
mosquito bite
high fever, severe headache, severe pain behind eyes, joint pain, muscle/bone pain, rash, mild bleeding
transmission and S/S of chikungunya fever
mosquito bite
severe, possibly incapacitating joint pain
transmission and S/S of zika virus
mosquito bite
usually asymptomatic, can have fever, rash, joint pain, conjunctivitis, muscle pain, and headache
transmission of lyme disease
ticks
area and time of year prevalence for Lyme disease
northeast US in June-August
3 stages of Lyme disease and its symptoms
- early localized stage - bull’s eye rash (round, red skin lesion) warm to touch and may scab or blister
- early disseminated stage - secondary lesions, fever, chills, headache, malaise, muscle pain, dry cough, testicular swelling, sore throat, enlarged spleen and lymph nodes
- late manifestations - arthritis, intermittent joint pain, memory impairment, depression, severe fatigue
side effects of untreated Lyme disease
meningoencephalitis, cranial and peripheral neuropathy, pericarditis, myocarditis, and atrioventricular conduction difficulties
transmission and S/S of Rocky Mountain Spotted fever
tick-borne
fever, headache, abdominal pain, vomiting, muscle pain, rash
hantavirus infection is also known as what
hemorrhagic fever with pulmonary syndrome
transmission and S/S of hantavirus
direct contact with rodent waste and aerosol inhalation during cleaning up infested areas
stage 1: fever, chills, headaches, muscle aches, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain
stage 2: productive cough, SOB, fluid accumulation within lungs, low BP and cardiac insufficiency
transmission and S/S of rabies
bite and saliva from infected animal
fever, chills, sore throat, malaise, headache, weakness, paresthesia (tingling skin) leading into neurologic phase
neurologic phase of rabies
hyperactivity, seizures, bizarre behavior, hydrophobia (fear of sight of water and spasms of throat when trying to drink water), paralysis, deteriorating mental status
transmission and S/S of MERS-CoV
nasal secretions and urine of camels and contact with infected person
fever, cough, SOB, GI disturbances, nausea, vomiting, reduced level of lymphocytes
transmission and S/S of tetanus
puncture wound contaminated with animal feces, street dust, or soil or contaminated street drugs
painful muscle contractions or rigidity in neck, face, jaw, and trunk muscles, abdominal rigidity, dysphagia, hydrophobia, drooling, and respiratory distress
what factors increase risk for developing MRSA
antibiotic therapy, prolonged hospital stays, stay in intensive care or burn unit and exposure to infected patient
transmission and S/S of MRSA
direct contact
soft-tissue infections like abscesses, empyema, endocarditis
people at risk to developing VRSA
multiple underlying health conditions, indwelling catheters, recent hospitalization, recent exposure
what is VRSA
vancomycin-resistant S aureus
S/S of VRSA
skin abscesses, pneumonia, bloodstream infections, meningitis, osteomyelitis, fever, chills, body weakness, pain, cough, chest pain, trouble breathing
cause and S/S of vancomycin-resistant enterococci
health care associated infection of already ill or immunocompromised patient
UTI or bacteremia evolving into sepsis
common cause of Cdiff
antibiotics
transmission and S/S of C diff
contact with surfaces contaminated with feces
frequent watery, green, foul-smelling diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, fever, loss of appetite, and abdominal discomfort
common cause of and what is carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae
highly resistant to most antibiotics including carbapenem agents that are used as last resort for treating infections
medical tourism
S/S of CRE
fever, UTI, fatigue, chills, sepsis
how was SARS created
merger of two viruses, one from mammals and one from birds (bats from Hong Kong)
transmission and S/S of SARS
close personal contact
fever over 100.4, headache, discomfort, body aches, after 2-7 days dry cough and can progress to pneumonia
transmission and S/S of avian flu
close contact with infected birds
fever, sore throat, cough, muscle aches, eye infections, can progress to pneumonia and respiratory distress
