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PARAMEDIC SCHOOL > CHAPTER 9: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY > Flashcards

CHAPTER 9: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Flashcards

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1
Q

atrophy

A

decrease in cell size

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2
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase in cell size

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3
Q

hyperplasia

A

increase in cell number

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4
Q

dysplasia

A

alteration of cell size, shape, and organization

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5
Q

metaplasia

A

reversible - one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type

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6
Q

edema

A

swelling from excessive fluid trapped in body tissues

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7
Q

isotonic fluid deficit

A

decrease in extracellular fluid with proportionate loss of sodium and water

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8
Q

hypertonic fluid deficit

A

body losses water and not equal amount of sodium

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9
Q

hypernatremia

A

hypertonic fluid deficit (more water lost than sodium)

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10
Q

hypotonic fluid deficit

A

more sodium is lost than water

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11
Q

hyponatremia

A

hypotonic fluid deficit (more sodium is lost than water)

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12
Q

hypokalemia

A

decreased potassium level

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13
Q

hyperkalemia

A

elevated potassium level

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14
Q

hypocalcemia

A

decreased calcium level

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15
Q

hypercalcemia

A

increased calcium level

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16
Q

hypophosphatemia

A

decrease in phosphate levels

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17
Q

hyperphosphatemia

A

increase in phosphate levels

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18
Q

hypomagnesemia

A

decrease in magnesium levels

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19
Q

hypermagnesemia

A

increase in magnesium levels

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20
Q

acidosis

A

increase in H+ ions, pH below 7.35

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21
Q

alkalosis

A

decrease in H+ ions, pH above 7.45

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22
Q

respiratory acidosis
respiratory rate:
CO2 levels:
pH levels:

A

hypoventilation
high CO2 (above 45)
low pH (less than 7.35)

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23
Q

respiratory alkalosis
respiratory rate:
CO2 levels:
pH levels:

A

hyperventilation
low CO2 levels (less than 35)
high pH (above 7.45)

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24
Q

metabolic acidosis
pH levels:
HCO3 levels:

A

low pH (below 7.35)
low HCO3 (less than 22)

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25
Q

metabolic alkalosis
pH levels:
HCO3 levels:

A

high pH (above 7.45)
high HCO3 levels (above 22)

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26
Q

hypoxia

A

lack of oxygen

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27
Q

ischemia

A

lack of blood supply

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28
Q

virulence

A

measures disease causing ability of a microorganism

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29
Q

bacteria vs virus

A

bacteria produce exo/endotoxins and viruses do not

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30
Q

pyrogens

A

released by WBCs to result in fever

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31
Q

what do antibiotics affect

A

bacteria

32
Q

apoptosis

A

normal cell death

33
Q

what gene leads to apoptosis

A

caspases

34
Q

perfusion

A

delivery of oxygen/nutrients to cells and tissues

35
Q

hypoperfusion

A

level of tissue perfusion decreases below normal

36
Q

what does the body release in response to hypoperfusion

A

catecholamines (epi and norepi)

37
Q

inotropy

A

strength of cardiac contraction

38
Q

2 types of central shock

A

cardiogenic and obstructive

39
Q

2 types of peripheral shock

A

hypovolemic and distributive

40
Q

cardiogenic shock and most common cause

A

heart cannot circulate enough blood to maintain adequate peripheral oxygen delivery
cause: myocardial infarction

41
Q

obstructive shock and common causes

A

blood flow becomes blocked in the heart or great vessels
causes: pericardial tamponade, aortic dissection, pulmonary embolus, tension pneumothorax

42
Q

hypovolemic shock and 2 types

A

circulating blood volume is insufficient to deliver adequate oxygen

exogenous: external bleeding from wound, diarrhea, vomiting
endogenous: fluid loss is contained within body

43
Q

distributive shock and 3 types

A

widespread dilation of the vessels, blood pools in vascular beds

anaphylactic, septic, and neurogenic

44
Q

anaphylactic shock

A

type of distributive shock

histamine and other vasodilators release after exposure to allergen causing widespread vasodilation and leaking of blood vessels

45
Q

septic shock

A

type of distributive shock

widespread infection (bacterial) causing overwhelming of mechanisms and increased vasodilation

46
Q

neurogenic shock

A

type of distributive shock

spinal cord injury leading to loss of sympathetic nervous system and vasodilation

47
Q

MODS and primary vs secondary

A

multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
concurrent failure of two or more organs

primary: direct trauma
secondary: slower more progressive

48
Q

morbidity vs mortality

A

morbidity: prevalence of disease
mortality: number of deaths from a disease

49
Q

how are immunologic disordered caused

A

hyperactivity/hypoactivity of immune system

50
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

partial or no insulin secretion

51
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

insulin-dependent diabetes

52
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

non-insulin dependent diabetes

53
Q

hemolytic anemia and causes

A

increased destruction of RBCs
causes: Rh factor blood transfusion reaction, immune system disorder

54
Q

hemophilia

A

excessive bleeding (usually factor VIII is missing or in low amounts)

55
Q

hemochromatosis

A

body absorbs more iron than it needs to

56
Q

Long QT syndrome and what patients are at risk for

A

prolongation of QT interval in ECG

at risk for: palpitations, ventricular dysrhythmias, torsades de pointes - syncope or sudden death

57
Q

syncope conditions that can be life-threatening

A

exercise induced
chest pain associated
history of syncope in family member
syncope associated with startle

58
Q

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

excessive thickening of heart muscle

59
Q

cardiomyopathy

A

disease of the myocardium

60
Q

mitral valve prolapse

A

mitral valve balloon into left atrium during systole

61
Q

coronary heart disease

A

impaired circulation to the heart from occluded coronary arteries (plaque buildup)

62
Q

hypercholesterolemia

A

elevation of blood cholesterol level

63
Q

gout

A

accumulation of uric acid in blood and joints (especially in big toe)

64
Q

kidney stones

A

small masses of uric acid or calcium salts that form in urinary system

65
Q

malabsorption disorders

A

defects in function of bowel wall that prevent adequate nutrient absorption

66
Q

lactose intolerance

A

defect or deficiency of lactase enzyme

67
Q

ulcerative colitis

A

chronic inflammatory disease of large intestine and rectum

68
Q

Crohn disease

A

chronic inflammatory condition that affects areas of GI tract, especially small intestine

69
Q

peptic ulcer disease

A

circumscribed erosions (ulcerations) of mucous membrane lining the GI tract

70
Q

gallstones

A

stonelike masses in gallbladder or ducts caused by precipitation of bile substances (cholesterol/bilirubin)

71
Q

Huntington disease

A

hereditary condition characterized by progressive chorea (involuntary rapid, jerky motions) and mental deterioration
usually death within 15 years

72
Q

muscular dystrophy

A

hereditary disease of muscular system that lead to weakness and wasting of groups of skeletal muscles

73
Q

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

A

wasting of leg/pelvic muscles producing waddle gait and abnormal spine curvature
usually die before 20 years old

74
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

myelin sheath surrounding nerve fibers of brain and spinal cord become damaged

75
Q

Alzheimer disease

A

cortical atrophy and loss of neurons in frontal and temporal brain lobes

76
Q

Schizophrenia

A

group of mental disorders characterized by gross distortion of reality (psychoses) withdrawl from social contacts, and bizarre actions, hallucinations

77
Q

bipolar disorder

A

mental disorder characterized by episodes of mania and depression

PARAMEDIC SCHOOL (74 decks)

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