CHAPTER 9: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Flashcards
atrophy
decrease in cell size
hypertrophy
increase in cell size
hyperplasia
increase in cell number
dysplasia
alteration of cell size, shape, and organization
metaplasia
reversible - one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type
edema
swelling from excessive fluid trapped in body tissues
isotonic fluid deficit
decrease in extracellular fluid with proportionate loss of sodium and water
hypertonic fluid deficit
body losses water and not equal amount of sodium
hypernatremia
hypertonic fluid deficit (more water lost than sodium)
hypotonic fluid deficit
more sodium is lost than water
hyponatremia
hypotonic fluid deficit (more sodium is lost than water)
hypokalemia
decreased potassium level
hyperkalemia
elevated potassium level
hypocalcemia
decreased calcium level
hypercalcemia
increased calcium level
hypophosphatemia
decrease in phosphate levels
hyperphosphatemia
increase in phosphate levels
hypomagnesemia
decrease in magnesium levels
hypermagnesemia
increase in magnesium levels
acidosis
increase in H+ ions, pH below 7.35
alkalosis
decrease in H+ ions, pH above 7.45
respiratory acidosis
respiratory rate:
CO2 levels:
pH levels:
hypoventilation
high CO2 (above 45)
low pH (less than 7.35)
respiratory alkalosis
respiratory rate:
CO2 levels:
pH levels:
hyperventilation
low CO2 levels (less than 35)
high pH (above 7.45)
metabolic acidosis
pH levels:
HCO3 levels:
low pH (below 7.35)
low HCO3 (less than 22)
metabolic alkalosis
pH levels:
HCO3 levels:
high pH (above 7.45)
high HCO3 levels (above 22)
hypoxia
lack of oxygen
ischemia
lack of blood supply
virulence
measures disease causing ability of a microorganism
bacteria vs virus
bacteria produce exo/endotoxins and viruses do not
pyrogens
released by WBCs to result in fever
what do antibiotics affect
bacteria
apoptosis
normal cell death
what gene leads to apoptosis
caspases
perfusion
delivery of oxygen/nutrients to cells and tissues
hypoperfusion
level of tissue perfusion decreases below normal
what does the body release in response to hypoperfusion
catecholamines (epi and norepi)
inotropy
strength of cardiac contraction
2 types of central shock
cardiogenic and obstructive
2 types of peripheral shock
hypovolemic and distributive
cardiogenic shock and most common cause
heart cannot circulate enough blood to maintain adequate peripheral oxygen delivery
cause: myocardial infarction
obstructive shock and common causes
blood flow becomes blocked in the heart or great vessels
causes: pericardial tamponade, aortic dissection, pulmonary embolus, tension pneumothorax
hypovolemic shock and 2 types
circulating blood volume is insufficient to deliver adequate oxygen
exogenous: external bleeding from wound, diarrhea, vomiting
endogenous: fluid loss is contained within body
distributive shock and 3 types
widespread dilation of the vessels, blood pools in vascular beds
anaphylactic, septic, and neurogenic
anaphylactic shock
type of distributive shock
histamine and other vasodilators release after exposure to allergen causing widespread vasodilation and leaking of blood vessels
septic shock
type of distributive shock
widespread infection (bacterial) causing overwhelming of mechanisms and increased vasodilation
neurogenic shock
type of distributive shock
spinal cord injury leading to loss of sympathetic nervous system and vasodilation
MODS and primary vs secondary
multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
concurrent failure of two or more organs
primary: direct trauma
secondary: slower more progressive
morbidity vs mortality
morbidity: prevalence of disease
mortality: number of deaths from a disease
how are immunologic disordered caused
hyperactivity/hypoactivity of immune system
diabetes mellitus
partial or no insulin secretion
type 1 diabetes
insulin-dependent diabetes
type 2 diabetes
non-insulin dependent diabetes
hemolytic anemia and causes
increased destruction of RBCs
causes: Rh factor blood transfusion reaction, immune system disorder
hemophilia
excessive bleeding (usually factor VIII is missing or in low amounts)
hemochromatosis
body absorbs more iron than it needs to
Long QT syndrome and what patients are at risk for
prolongation of QT interval in ECG
at risk for: palpitations, ventricular dysrhythmias, torsades de pointes - syncope or sudden death
syncope conditions that can be life-threatening
exercise induced
chest pain associated
history of syncope in family member
syncope associated with startle
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
excessive thickening of heart muscle
cardiomyopathy
disease of the myocardium
mitral valve prolapse
mitral valve balloon into left atrium during systole
coronary heart disease
impaired circulation to the heart from occluded coronary arteries (plaque buildup)
hypercholesterolemia
elevation of blood cholesterol level
gout
accumulation of uric acid in blood and joints (especially in big toe)
kidney stones
small masses of uric acid or calcium salts that form in urinary system
malabsorption disorders
defects in function of bowel wall that prevent adequate nutrient absorption
lactose intolerance
defect or deficiency of lactase enzyme
ulcerative colitis
chronic inflammatory disease of large intestine and rectum
Crohn disease
chronic inflammatory condition that affects areas of GI tract, especially small intestine
peptic ulcer disease
circumscribed erosions (ulcerations) of mucous membrane lining the GI tract
gallstones
stonelike masses in gallbladder or ducts caused by precipitation of bile substances (cholesterol/bilirubin)
Huntington disease
hereditary condition characterized by progressive chorea (involuntary rapid, jerky motions) and mental deterioration
usually death within 15 years
muscular dystrophy
hereditary disease of muscular system that lead to weakness and wasting of groups of skeletal muscles
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
wasting of leg/pelvic muscles producing waddle gait and abnormal spine curvature
usually die before 20 years old
multiple sclerosis
myelin sheath surrounding nerve fibers of brain and spinal cord become damaged
Alzheimer disease
cortical atrophy and loss of neurons in frontal and temporal brain lobes
Schizophrenia
group of mental disorders characterized by gross distortion of reality (psychoses) withdrawl from social contacts, and bizarre actions, hallucinations
bipolar disorder
mental disorder characterized by episodes of mania and depression
