CHP 25: HEMATOLOGIC EMERGENCIES Flashcards
3 parts of the hematopoietic system
bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes
hemolytic disorders vs hemostatic disorders
hemolytic: disease processes causing breakdown of RBCs
hemostatic: bleeding and clotting abnormalities
average amount of blood in body
5-6L
blood volume:
plasma ___%
formed elements ___%
plasma: 55%
formed elements: 45%
RBCs aka ___
WBCs aka ___
platelets aka ___
erythrocytes
leukocytes
thrombocytes
what is the Bohr effect
when RBCs encounter environment with higher concentration of CO2, they release the oxygen
what is neutropenia
abnormally low number of neutrophils
2 categories of immune system
humoral and cell-mediated
what does humoral immunity consist of
antibodies/immunoglobulins
what does cell-mediated immunity consist of
macrophages and T cells
where are platelets stored when not circulating
spleen
what is thrombocytosis
body produces too many platelets causing coagulation or clotting in vessels
what is coagulopathy
any process that interferes with clotting cascade or hemostasis
what is von Willebrand disease
blood’s ability to clot is decreased due to absence of key protein von Willebrand factor needed for platelet adhesion
what is the primary site for cell production
bone marrow
what produces clotting factors found in blood
liver
what organ filters blood
liver
what is the most common inherited blood disorder
sickle cell anemia
what happens during an aplastic crisis
body temporarily stops RBC production
what happens during hemolytic crisis
acute RBC destruction leads to jaundice
what is vasoocclusive crisis
blood flow to organ becomes restricted causing pain, ischemia, and organ damage
what is splenic sequestration crisis
sickle cells trapping blood within the spleen resulting in acute enlargement of spleen and hard, bloated abdomen
what is icteric sclera
yellowing of eye
definition of anemia
hemoglobin or RBC level lower than normal
most common type of anemia
iron-deficient
symptoms of anemia
fatigue, lethargy, dyspnea, chest discomfort
what is leukopenia and its symptoms
reduction in WBCs - infection and fever
what is thrombocytopenia and its symptoms
reduction in platelets - cutaneous bleeding and bleeding from mucous membranes (nose bleed)
where does leukemia develop
lymphoid system
symptoms of leukemia
bone pain, fever, soreness in chest, unexplained bleeding, high lymphocyte count in blood work
two classifications of lymphomas
non-Hodgkin and Hodgkin
symptoms of Hodgkin lymphoma
night sweats, chills, persistent cough, swelling of lymph nodes esp. in neck, loss of appetite, weight loss, fatigue, bone pain, generalized itching
what is polycythemia
overproduction of RBCs increasing blood viscosity and volume, increasing risk of thrombus formation
two stages of disseminated intravascular coagulation
1st: defibrination (breakdown of fibrin clots) occurs
2nd: uncontrolled hemorrhage
what is purpura
small black and blue marks
what is hemophilia
bleeding disorder where clotting is insufficient or doesn’t occur
two types of hemophilia
type A: low levels of factor VIII
type B: deficiency of factor IX
what is multiple myeloma
number of plasma cells in bone marrow abnormally increase leading to tumors in bone
what time frame do transfusion reactions typically occur within
30-60mins
universal donor:
universal receiver:
O-
AB+
symptoms of acute transfusion reaction
rapid onset of chills, fever, back pain, vomiting, tachycardia, hypotension
