CHAPTER 13: PNS AND REFLEX ACTIVITY Flashcards
CHEMORECEPTORS
RESPOND TO CHEMICALS IN SOLUTION IN SMELL/TASTED MOLECULES AND IN CHANGES IN BLOOD/INTERSTITIAL FLUID
MECHANORECEPTORS
RESPOND TO MECHANICAL FORCES LIKE PRESSURE, TOUCH VIBRATIONS
NOCICEPTORS
RESPOND TO DAMAGING STIMULI LIKE EXTREME HEAT/COLD, EXCESSIVE PRESSURE, INFLAMMATORY CHEMICALS
PHOTORECEPTORS
RESPOND TO LIGHT (RETINAS)
THERMORECEPTORS
RESPOND TO TEMPERATURE CHANGES
NONENCAPSULATED (FREE) NERVE ENDINGS
ENDINGS OF SENSORY NEURONS THAT ARE NON-MYELINATED
RESPOND TO TOUCH AND TEMPERATURE
COMMON IN EPITHELIA AND CONNECTIVE TISSUES
ENCAPSULATED NERVE ENDINGS
CONTAIN ONE OR MORE FIBER TERMINALS OF SENSORY NEURONS
ENDINGS OF SENSORY NEURONS THAT ARE MYELINATED
MECHANORECEPTORS
WHAT IS SENSATION
AWARENESS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES EXTERNALLY AND INTERNALLY
WHAT IS PERCEPTION
HOW SENSATION CHANGES ARE INTERPRETED
RECEPTOR LEVEL VS. CIRCUIT LEVEL
RECEPTOR LEVEL: SENSORY RECEPTORS
CIRCUIT LEVEL: PROCESSING IN THE ASCENDING PATHWAYS
TONIC VS PHASIC RECEPTORS
TONIC: ALWAYS ACTIVE
AKA SLOW-ADAPTING RECEPTORS
PHASIC: NORMALLY INACTIVE BUT BECOME ACTIVE FOR A SHORT TIME WHEN CHANGE OCCURS IN THE CONDITIONS THEY MONITOR
AKA FAST-ADAPTING RECEPTORS
REFERRED PAIN
VISCERAL PAIN THAT APPEARS TO BE COMING FROM A DIFFERENT AREA OF THE BODY FROM WHERE IT’S ACTUALLY BEING STIMULATED (HEART ATTACK LEFT ARM)
ACUTE VS CHRONIC PAIN FIBERS
ACUTE: MYELINATED NERVE FIVERS THAT CONDUCT IMPULSES FAST AND PRODUCE SHARP PAIN
CHRONIC: UNMYELINATED NERVE FIBERS THAT CONDUCT IMPULSES SLOW AND PRODUCE DULL ACHEY PAIN
SENSORY VS MOTOR NERVES
SENSORY: AKA AFFERENT - CARRY IMPULSES TOWARD THE CNS
MOTOR: AKA EFFERENT - CARRY IMPULSES AWAY FROM CNS TO BODY
OLFACTORY CRANIAL NERVE
- SMELL
OPTIC
- VISION
OCULOMOTOR
- MOVEMENT OF EYE/EYELIDS IN ITS ORBIT
TORCHLEAR
- MOVEMENT OF EYES VIA EXTRINSIC EYE MUSCLE
TRIGEMINAL
- LARGEST CRANIAL NERVE - CHEWING, TOUCH, TEMP, PAIN
ABDUCENS
- LATERAL EYE MOVEMENT
FACIAL
- FACIAL EXPRESSION, TEARS, SALIVA
DAMAGE TO THIS CAN CAUSE BELL’S PALSY
VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR
- AUDITORY NERVE - HEARING/EQUILIBRIUM
GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL
- SWALLOWING/TONGUE
VAGUS
- SPEECH/SWALLOWING, IMPULSES TO HEART, SMOOTH MUSCLE, THORACIC/ABDOMINAL GLANDS
DAMAGE COULD BE FATAL
ACCESSORY
- SUPPLY MOTOR FIBERS TO TRAPS AND STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID AND TRANSMITS IMPULSES TO PHARYNX/LARYNX AND NECK/BACK
HYPOGLOSSAL
- TONGUE MOVEMENT FOR CHEWING/SWALLOWING/SPEECH
COMPRESSION OF THIS NERVE CAUSES LOSS OF TONGUE MOVEMENT
WHAT SUPPLILES THE SOMATIC REGION OF THE BODY
SPINAL NERVE RAMI AND THEIR MAIN BRANCHES
CUTANEOUS VS PHRENIC NERVES
CUTANEOUS: SUPPLY THE SKIN
PHRENIC NERVES: CONDUCT MOTOR IMPULSES TO DIAPHRAGM
WHERE ARE CERVICAL PLEXUSES FOUND AND WHAT DO THEY DO
DEEP IN THE NECK
SUPPLY THE SKIN AND CONDUCT DIAPHRAGM IMPULSES
WHERE ARE BRACHIAL PLEXUSES FOUND AND WHAT DO THEY DO
LARGEST NERVE IN BRACHIAL PLEXUS
SHOULDERS
SUPPLY THE SKIN AND MUSCLE OF ARMS/HANDS
COMMUNICATE WITH THE SYMPATHETIC TRUNK
RADIAL NERVE
WHERE ARE LUMBOSACRAL PLEXUSES FOUND AND WHAT DO THEY DO
LARGEST NERVE IN LUMBOSACRAL PLEXUS
LUMBAR, SACRAL, COCCYX AND INTO PELVIC CAVITY
SUPPLY SKIN/MUSCLES OF ABDOMINAL WALL, BUTT, GENETALIA, LEGS, FEET
SCIATIC NERVE
LONGEST AND THICKEST NERVE IN ENTIRE BODY
SCIATIC NERVE
HOW DOES A REFLEX ARC WORK
SENSORY IMPULSES FROM RECEPTORS CAN REACH THEIR EFFECTORS WITHOUT BEING PROCESSED BY BRAIN
WHAT IS A MONOSYNAPTIC REFLEX
IN THE REFLEX ARC WHEN THE INTEGRATION CENTER ONLY USES A SINGLE SYNAPSE BETWEEN THE SENSORY NEURON AND MOTOR NUERON
SOMATIC REFLEX
ACTIVATES SKELETAL MUSCLE FOR INVOLUNTARY CONTROL
AUTONOMIC REFLEX
ACTIVATES VISCERAL EFFECTORS IN SMOOTH OR CARDIAC MUSCLE OR GLANDS
LONG VS SHORT REFLEXES
LONG: COORDINATE ACTIVITIES IN ENTIRE ORGAN AND PROCESSED BY CNS
SHORT: TARGET SPECIFIC PART OF ORGAN AND DO NOT USE CNS
SPINAL REFLEXES
CAN OCCUR WITHOUT INVOLVEMENT OF BRAIN
WHAT IS GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME AND HOW IS IT REPAIRED
DAMAGE TO THE MYELIN SHEATH
MAY BE REPAIRED BY SCHWANN CELLS
WHAT HAPPENS TO THE PNS WITH AGING
SENSORY RECEPTORS ATROPHY, MYELIN SHEATHS DEGENERATE, NEURONS ARE LOST AND HAVE FEWER SYNAPSES
SLOWER CONDUCTION OF IMPULSES
DECREASED SENSATION AND REFLEXES
