A&P CHAPTER 7: BONE TISSUES AND THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Flashcards
WHAT MAKES UP THE AXIAL SKELETON
SKULL, VERTEBRAL COLUMN, THORACIC CAGE
WHAT MAKES UP APPENDICULAR SKELETON
UPPER AND LOWER LIMBS AND THE GIRDLES (SHOULDER AND HIP)
FLAT BONES
PLATES WITH BROAD SURFACES (RIBS/STERNUM)
IRREGULAR BONES
COMPLEX SHAPES (FACIAL BONES/VERTEBRAE)
SHORT BONES
SMALL CUBE-SHAPED (WRIST/ANKLE BONES)
LONG BONES
BONE SHAFTS MUCH LONGER THAN THEY ARE WIDE (FINGER BONES/FEMUR)
SUTURAL BONES
SMALL BONES BETWEEN THE FLAT BONES OF THE SKULL
SESAMOID BONES
SMALL, FLAT BONES RESEMBLING SESAME SEDS (PATELLA)
EXTERNAL LAYER OF THE BONE
COMPACT BONE
WHERE IS RED AND YELLOW BONE MARROW FOUND
OPEN SPACES BETWEEN TRABECULAE
DIPLOE
SPONGY BONE IN FLAT BONES
DIAPHYSIS
SHAFT OF THE BONE
STRUCTURES OF A LONG BONE
SHAFT, BONE ENDS, MEMBRANES
WHAT DOES THE MEDULLARY CAVITY CONTAIN
YELLOW MARROW
EIPIPHYSES
ENDS OF THE BONE
EPIPHYSEAL LINE
BETWEEN THE SHAFT AND BONE ENDS
PERIOSTEUM
COVERS THE SURFACE OF THE BONE
MEMBRANE FILLED WITH BLOOD VESSELS AND NERVE FIBERS
OSTEOGENIC CELLS
STEM CELLS THAT FORM ALL BONE CELLS
ENDOSTEUM
COVERS INTERNAL BONE SURFACES
WHERE IS RED MARROW FOUND
IN TRABECULAR CAVITIES OF SPONGY BONE (LONG BONES)
IN DIPLOE (FLAT BONES)
OSTEOGENIC CELLS
ACTIVE CELLS THAT BECOME BONE CELLS
OSTEOBLASTS
PRODUCE BONE MATRIX
OSTEOCYTES
MATURE OSTEOBLASTS THAT EMBED INTO THE BONE
BONE LINING CELLS
HELP MAINTAIN BONE MATRIX
OSTEOCLASTS
RELEASE ENZYMEMS FOR BONE RESORPTION AFTER FRACTURES/BONE HEALING
OSSIFICATION
REPLACING OTHER TISSUES WITH BONE
FUNCTIONS OF BONES
HEMOPOIESES: BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION IN EMBRYO
MOVEMENT
SUPPORT/PROTECTION
STORAGE OF MINERALS
FAT STORAGE
HORMONE PRODUCTION
WHAT MINERALS DOES BONE STORE
PHOSPHORUS AND CALCIUM
WHAT HORMONE DO BONES PRODUCE
OSTEOCALCIN
WHAT DOES OSTEOCALCIN HORMONE DO
REGULATES BONE FORMATION AND PROTECTS AGAINST GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE
BONE HOMEOSTASIS
SELF REPAIR OF THE BONES
HOW ARE BONE FRACTURES CLASSIFIED
POSITIONING
COMPLETENESS OF FRACTURE
PENETRATION OF THE SKIN BY BONES
NONDISPLACED FRACTURE
BONE ENDS REMAIN IN NORMAL POSITION
DISPLACED FRACTURE
BONES ARE OUT OF NORMAL ALIGNMENT
COMPLETE FRACTURE
BONE IS BROKEN COMPLETELY THROUGH
INCOMPLETE FRACTURE
BONE IS NOT BROKEN COMPLETELY THROUGH
OPEN/COMPOUND FRACTURE
BONE PENETRATES THE SKIN
CLOSED/SIMPLE FRACTURE
BONE IS NOT PENETRATING SKIN
COMMINUTED FRACTURE
BONE FRAGMENTED INTO 3+ PIECES (COMMON IN ELDERLY)
COMPRESSION FRACTURE
BONE HAS BEEN CRUSHED (COMMON IN POROUS BONES/VERTEBRAE)
GREENSTICK FRACTURE
BONE BREAKS INCOMPLETELY, ONE SIDE OF SHAFT BREAKS AND OTHER SIDE BENDS (COMMON IN KIDS DUE TO MORE FLEXIBLE BONES)
SPIRAL FRACTURE
EXCESSIVE TWISTING FORCES, RAGGED BONE BREAK (COMMON IN SPORTS)
PRIMARY HORMONE CONTROLLER IN REMODELING
PARATHYROID HORMONE
WOLFF’S LAW
BONE GROW OR REMODEL IN RESPONSE TO DEMANDS PLACED ON THEM
RICKETS
DISEASE IN CHILDREN
CAUSES BOWING OF THE LEGS AND DEFORMITIES OF PELVIS, RIBS, AND SKULL
EPIPHYSEAL PLATES DONT CALCIFY AND WIDEN CONTINUOSLY
DUE TO LACK OF CALCIUM/VITAMIN D
OSTEOMALACIA
POOR BONE MINERALIZATION (CALCIUM SALTS)
BONES BECOME SOFT AND WEAK
PAIN WITH WEIGHT BEARING ON AFFECTED BONE, WEAKNESS, IMOBILITY
OSTEOPOROSIS
BONE RESPORTION IS QUICKER THAN BONE DEPOSITION
BONES BECOME EXTREMELY FRAGILE AND POROUS
DEPRESSED FRACTURE
BROKEN BONE PORTION IS PRESSSED INWARD (USUALLY SKULL)
EPIPHYSEAL FRACTURE
EPIPHYSIS SEPARATE FROM THE DIAPHYSIS ALONG THE EPIPHYSEAL PLATE (GROWTH PLATE)
WHAT IS A FRACTURE
AMOUNT OF FORCE/ENERGY OVERCOMES THE ABILITY OF THE BONE TO WITHSTAND IT
VERTEBRAE SECTIONS/AMOUNTS
CERVICAL (7)
THORACIC (12)
LUMBAR (5)
SACRUM (5 FUSED)
COCCYX
ATLAS
FIRST VERTEBRAE THAT SUPPORTS HEAD
AXIS
SECOND VERTEBRAE THAT PROJECTS (DENS PROCESS) UP INTO THE ATLAS
