A&P CHAPTER 3: CELLS Flashcards
CYTOLOGY
STUDY OF CELLULAR STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
2 CLASSES OF CELLS
SEX AND SOMATIC
3 MAJOR PARTS TO CELL AND THEIR ORGANIZATION
CELL MEMBRANE: ENCLOSES THE CELL
NUCLEUS: CONTAIN’S CELLS GENERTIC MATERIAL AND CONTROLS ACTIVITY
CYTOPLASM: FILLS OUT THE CELL
CELL MEMBRANE FUNCTION
CONTROLS MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES IN/OUT OF CELL
SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY
CELL MEMBRANE IS FORMED BY THE ____
BILIPID LAYER
MEMBRANE PROTEINS FUNCTION
ALLOW CELLS TO COMMUNICATE WITH ENVIRONMENT
RESPONSIBLE FOR MOST OF SPECIALIZED MEMBRANE FUNCTION
INTEGRAL VS PERIPHERAL PROTEINS
INTEGRAL: TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEINS EMBEDDED IN LIPID BILAYER
PERIPHERAL: NOT EMBEDDED IN BILAYER, LOOSELY ATTACHED TO INTEGRAL PROTEINS
FUNCTIONS OF GLYCOCALYX
ANCHORING AND LOCOMOTION, BINDING TO OTHER CELLS, LUBRICATION AND PROTECTION, RECOGNIZED BY IMMUNE SYSTEM AS “SELF”
CYTOPLASM FUNCTION
WHERE MOST CHEMICAL REACTIONS OCCUR
SUSPENDS THE ORGANELLES
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM AND 2 TYPES
INTRACELLULAR MEMBRANES CONNECTED TO NUCLEUS ENVELOPE
2 TYPES: SMOOTH AND ROUGH
SMOOTH ER FUNCTIONS
SYNTHESIZE PHOSPHOLIPIDS AND CHOLESTEROL FOR CELL GROWTH
ENZYMES THAT CALALYZE REACTIONS
VERY LITTLE OF IT IN BODY
ROUGH ER FUNCTIONS
SYNTHESIZE PROTEINS
CELL’S MEMBRANE FACTORY
GOLGI APPARATUS FUNCTIONS
MODIFYING SECRETIONS RELEASED VIA EXOCYTOSIS
PACKAGING SPECIAL ENZYMES INSIDE VESICLES FOR USE IN CYTOSOL
RENEWING/MODIFYING CELL MEMBRANE
LYSOSOMES
DISPOSE CELL WASTE
BREAK DOWN FOREIGN PARTICLES
DESTROY OLD PARTS OF CELL
MITOCHONDRIA FUNCTIONS
POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL
PEROXISOME FUNCTIONS
SPEED UP BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS
RIBOSOMES
PROTEIN FACTORIES OF THE CELL
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CYTOSOL AND EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOSOL HAS MORE PROTEINS AND POTASSIUM IONS (LOWER CONCENTRATION)
ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM FUNCTIONS
ORGANELLES THAT PRODUCE AND DEGRADE BIOLOGIC MOLEUCLES
NITROGENOUS BASES DO WHAT AND INCLUDE: (4)
STORE INFO IN A SEQUENCE
ADENINE, THYMINE, CYTOSINE, GUANINE (ATCG)
GENE ACTIVATION
REMOVING HISTONES FROM GENES ALLOWING IT TO AFFECT THE CELL
MESSENGER RNA
CARRIES INFO REQUIRED TO SYNTHESIZE PROTEINS
TWO LEVELS OF NUCLEUS CONTROL
DIRECT CONTROL: STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS
INDIRECT CONTROL: CELLULAR METABOLSIM /FUNCTIONS
DIFFUSION AND TWO TYPES
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
SUBSTANCES MOVE FROM HIGHER CONCENTRATION TO LOWER
SIMPLE: UNASSISTED OF SMALL PARTICLES
FACILITATED: REQUIRES MEMBRANE PROTEINS TO ASSIST
GATED CHANNELS
OPENED OR CLOSED BY CHEMICAL/ELECTRICAL SIGNALS
LEAKAGE CHANNELS
ALWAYS OPEN
OSMOSIS
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
WATER MOLECULES DIFFUSE FROM AREA OF HIGHER WATER CONCENTRATION TO AREA OF LOWER WATER CONCENTRATION
WATER ALWAYS DIFFUSES TOWARD ___
SOLUTIONS OF GREATER OSMOTIC PRESSURE
OSMOLARITY
TOTAL CONCENTRATION OF ALL SOLUTE PARTICLES IN A SOLUTION
ISOTONIC SOLUTION
SAME OSMOTIC PRESSURE AS BODY FLUIDS
HYPERTONIC
SOLUTION WITH HIGHER OSMOTIC PRESSURE THAN BODY FLUIDS
HYPOTONIC
SOLUTION WITH LOWER OSMOTIC PRESSURE THAN BODY FLUIDS
FILTRATION
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
FORCES MOLECULES THROUGH MEMBRANES
ACTIVE TRANSPORTATION
PARTICLE MOVEMENT FROM LOWER CONCENTRATIONS TO HIGHER CONCENTRATIONS
REQUIRES CARRIER PROTEINS AND ATP
PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT REQUIRES ____
ENERGY DIRECTLY FROM HYDROLYSIS OF ATP
SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT REQUIRES _____
ENERGY STORED FROM IONIC GRADIENTS
SYMPORT SYSTEM
TWO SUBSTANCES TRANSPORTED IN SAME DIRECTION
ANTIPORT SYSTEM
SUBSTANCES CROSS MEMBRANE IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS
VESICULAR TRANSPORT
TRANSPORTS FLUIDS WITH LARGE PARTICLES ACROSS MEMBRANE INSIDE VESICLES
ENDOCYTOSIS AND TWO TYPES
USE ENERGY TO MOVE SUBSTANCE IN OR OUT OF CELL WITHOUT CROSSING MEMBRANE
PHAGOCYTOSIS: “CELL EATING”
PINOCYTOSIS: “CELL DRINKING”
EXOCYTOSIS
SUBSTANCE STORED IN VESICLE IS SECRETED FROM THE CELL
CELL CYCLES (4)
INTERPHASE
CELL DIVISION (MITOSIS)
CYTOPLASMIC DIVISION (CYTOKINESIS)
DIFFERENTIATION
INTERPHASE
CELL OBTAINS NUTRIENTS TO GROW AND DUPLICATE
CELL DIVISION/MITOSIS
NUCLEUS DIVIDES
CYTOPLASMIC DIVISION/CYTOKINESIS
CYTOPLASM DIVIDES
DIFFERENTIATION
CELL BECOMES SPECIALIZED
MITOSIS VS MEIOSIS
MITOSIS: PRODUCES NEW BODY CELLS
MEIOSIS: PRODUCES GAMETES (SPERMS AND EGGS)
STEPS OF MITOSIS (4)
PROPHASE: CHROMOSOME BECOMES THICKER
METAPHASE: CHROMOSOME GO TO MIDDLE
ANAPHASE: CHROMATIDS PULLED APART
TELOPHASE: TWO DAUGHTER CELLS ARE FORMED
DIVISIONS OF MEIOSIS (2)
FIRST AND SECOND DIVISION
IN SECOND DIVISION, THERE’S HALF THE NORMAL CHROMOSOMES
DIFFERENTIATION
SPECIALIZATION OF A CELL
STEM CELLS CAN DIVIDE REPEATEDLY WITHOUT _____
SPECIALIZING
TUMOR IS CAUSED BY _____
CELL DIVISION/GROWTH IS HIGHER THAN CELL DEATH RATE
MOST CANCERS ARE CAUSED BY ____
MUTATIONS OF SOMATIC CELL GENES
