CHP 20: EENT EMERGENCIES Flashcards
which cranial nerve provides sense of vision
2 - optic
what is diabetic retinopathy
common complication of diabetes - small blood vessels in retina bleed into vitreous producing dark, floating spots or cobwebs in vision
what can ocular pressure do
stimulate vagus nerve leading to vagal response in pt
what does vision loss that does not improve with blinking indicate
damage to globe or optic nerve
what does double vision indicate
trauma to extraocular muscles, fractured orbit
what three tests should be performed when accessing ocular function
visual acuity (large and small letters), peripheral vision, ocular motility (have pt follow finger)
what is dysconjugate gaze
discoordination between movements of two eyes
damage to what nerve would render eyes unable to produce tears
7 - facial nerve
what two medications do medics have for eyes
proparacaine and tetracaine
what is anisocoria and what is it indicative of
pupils are not equal in size - ocular injuries or closed head trauma
what surgery can cause anisocoria
unilateral cataract surgery
only indication for removing contact lenses and why
chemical burn of the eye - contact may trap offending chemical, making irrigation difficult and worsening injury
common name of conjunctivitis and what it is
“pink eye” - conjunctiva becomes inflamed and red from viral/bacterial infection, allergies, chemicals, or foreign bodies
what is a chalazion and what causes it
small, painless lump or pustule on external eyelid that appears red and swollen - forms from blockage and swelling of an oil gland in the eyelid
what is a hordeolum and what causes it
red, swollen, painful lump in eyelid or lid margin - infection of oil gland in eyelid
what is an external hordeolum commonly called
stye
treatment for inflammation of eyelid
warm compress to soften hardened oil block
what is the aqueous humor and what does it do
clear, watery fluid that fills eye’s anterior chamber - maintains intraocular pressure, provides nutrients to eye, helps bend light
where does the aqueous humor drain
canal of Schlemm
most common form of glaucoma and what causes it
open-angle - aqueous humor drains too slowly and intraocular pressure builds up, damaging optic nerve
normal-tension glaucoma and how it occurs
optic nerve is damaged and vision changes occur
narrow-angle glaucoma and how it occurs
access to drainage channel is narrowed preventing proper drainage of aqueous humor, pressure builds in posterior eye chamber, pushing lens forward, pushes iris into drainage channel, blocking it
S/S of narrow-angle glaucoma attack
severe eye pain, headache, photophobia, nausea, vomiting, cloudy cornea, blurred vision, halos around lights, irregular pupillary margins
ophthalmoscope vs otoscope
ophthalmoscope: eye
otoscope: ear canal
cause and S/S of central retinal artery occlusion
blood supply to retina becomes blocked from clot or embolus - sudden painless loss of vision in one eye
what is central retinal artery occlusion associated with
apnea
cause and S/S of iritis
inflammation of the iris from autoimmune disease, IBS, Crohn disease - red area surrounding the iris, cloudy vision, unusually shaped pupil
cause of papilledema and S/S
swelling or inflammation of optic nerve at rear part of eye from ICP - “graying” in field of vision, headaches, nausea, vomiting, temporary vision loss, narrowing vision fields
what is periorbital cellulitis and its causes
infection of eyelid
insect bites, upper resp disorders, trauma
orbital cellulitis causes and S/S
infection within eye socket
sinusitis, tooth infections, facial/ear infections, trauma
what causes corneal ulcers and S/S
untreated corneal abrasion - pain with extraocular movement, redness, excessive tearing, sensation of foreign object in eye, blurred/loss of vision, photophobia, headache
a tumor on which nerve could affect inner ear and balance
8 - vestibucochlear
what is cerumen
earwax
what is pulsatile tinnitus and what causes it
patient hears constant whooshing, thumping, or throbbing sound - atherosclerosis, blood vessel disorders, HTN, head/neck tumors
what is a Battle sign
discoloration/tenderness of mastoid process
S/S of impacted cerumen
pressure or fullness feeling in ear, dizziness, ringing in ears, loss of hearing, pain/itching in ear
what is labyrinthitis and its S/S
feeling of vertigo or loss of balance after ear infection or upper respiratory infection
tinnitus, dizziness, temporary loss of hearing, nausea/vomiting
4 symptoms of Meniere Disease
dizziness like spinning vertigo, low-frequency hearing loss, tinnitus, feeling of fullness in affected ear
what causes Meniere Disease
overproduction of endolymphatic fluid which increases pressure in labyrinth until fluids mix, damaging hair cells
what is otitis and its S/S
infection from bacterial growth in ear canal
pain, itching, edema and erythema in canal, diminished hearing, inflamed/bulging eardrum
damage to what cranial nerve causes loss of smell
1 - olfactory
what is anosmia
total loss of sense of smell
what is dysosmia
distorted sense of smell when person smells unpleasant odors that do not exist
what is hyperosmia
increased sensitivity to smell
what is hyposmia
decreased sense of smell
what is presbyosmia
loss of smell from normal aging
what is epistaxis
nosebleed
anterior vs posterior epistaxis
anterior: bleed slowly, self-limiting, resolve slowly
posterior: more severe and cause blood to drain into pt’s throat
blood or CSF from nose suggests what
skull fracture
what is cerebrospinal rhinorrhea
CSF drainage from the nose
persistent, foul-smelling purulent discharge from nares indicate what
foreign body in nose
what is rhinitis and S/S
inflammation of nasal cavities
nasal congestion, sneezing, itchy runny nose, itchy eyes, post nasal drip, possible cough
what is sinusitis and its S/S
sinus inflammation when drainage from one or more sinuses (paranasal) become disrupted
facial pressure/pain, sore throat, nasal congestion, toothache, headache, fever, chills, muscle aches and pains
what is dysphagia
swallowing problems
damage to what nerve can cause facial paralysis
7 - facial
people with difficulty swallowing are at increased risk of what
aspiration pneumonia
esophageal reflux and its symptoms
lower esophageal sphincter only partially closes, letting acidic stomach acids to come back up
burning sensation in chest and indigestion
what is dentalgia
tooth ache
how to determine if dental abscess infection has become systemic
fever, chills, nausea, vomiting
what are cold sores
painful sores on the mouth caused by herpesvirus
what are canker sores
painful ulcers in mouth from stress or trauma (braces)
what is leukoplakia
excess cell growth in mouth that represent as white patches usually from smoking
what is gingivitis
red swollen gums that bleed easily during brushing
what is breath odor that smells of urine or fishy is indicative of what
chronic renal failure
feces smelling breath is indicative of what
bowel obstruction
what is oral candidiasis and S/S
“thrush” fungus grows in mouth in immunocompromised patients or use inhaled corticosteroids
white lesions, slight bleeding, pain, cracking, redness at corners of mouth, loss of taste, “cottony” feeling in mouth
what is Ludwig angina and S/S
caused by bacteria from infected tooth root on floor of mouth under the tongue
difficulty breathing and swallowing, neck pain and swelling, drooling, altered speech sounds
what is epiglottitis and S/S
inflammation of epiglottis usually in peds
fever, sore throat, painful swallowing, stridor, respiratory distress, “tripod”, drooling due to inability to swallow
what is laryngitis and S/S
swelling and inflammation of the larynx
hoarseness/loss of voice, fever, swollen lymph nodes
what is tracheitis and S/S
infection of trachea
croup-like barking cough, difficulty breathing, high fever, high-pitched stridor, intercostal retractions
