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paramedic school > CHP 21: GI EMERGENCIES > Flashcards

CHP 21: GI EMERGENCIES Flashcards

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1
Q

two behavioral risk factors for GI disorders

A

smoking and excessive alcohol comsumption

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2
Q

which organ produces bile

A

liver

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3
Q

what does the pancreas produce

A

enzymes to break down proteins, fats, and carbs
insulin, somatostatin, glucagon

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4
Q

which organ stores bile

A

gallbladder

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5
Q

which organ filters blood

A

spleen

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6
Q

where is the stomach located

A

left upper quadrant

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7
Q

where is the liver located

A

right side of central upper abdomen

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8
Q

where is the spleen located

A

left upper abdomen

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9
Q

what is the major site for chemical breakdown of food and vitamin absorption

A

duodenum

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10
Q

what is the major site for water reabsorption

A

colon

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11
Q

where does 90% of absorption occur

A

small intestine

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12
Q

what does pancreatic juice do

A

helps neutralize gastric acid

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13
Q

what organ converts glycogen to glucose

A

liver

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14
Q

what does the appendix secrete

A

T and B lymphocytes and immunoglobulin A

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15
Q

why is SpO2 not reliable with GI bleeds

A

pt’s can have decreased hemoglobin levels

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16
Q

what is melena

A

black, tarry stool

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17
Q

what is cholecystitis and what usually causes a flareup of it

A

inflammation of the gallbladder
fatty meals

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18
Q

what are striae

A

stretch marks

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19
Q

what is a scaphoid abdomen a result of

A

decreased abdominal volume (diaphragmatic hernia, dehydration, malnutrition)

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20
Q

what is borborygmi

A

stomach growling

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21
Q

how should the abdomen sound to percussion

A

tympanic (empty)

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22
Q

rebound tenderness is also called what

A

parietal pain

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23
Q

visceral pain
-origin
-description
-cause

A

hollow organs
dull, cramping, poorly localized
organ contracts too much or is distended

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24
Q

parietal pain/rebound pain
-origin
-description
-cause

A

peritoneum
steady, achy pain, easy to localize, increases with movement
inflammation of peritoneum

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25
Q

somatic pain
-origin
-description
-cause

A

peripheral nerve tracts
localized deep pain, sharp/stabbing
irritation or injury to tissue

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26
Q

referred pain
-origin
-description
-cause

A

peripheral nerve tracts
pain originating in stomach and causing pain elsewhere
occurs after initial visceral, parietal, or somatic pain

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27
Q

3 vitals showing significant volume loss during orthostatic BP

A

decrease in systolic BP by 20
increase in diastolic BP by 10
increase in HR by 20

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28
Q

S/S of hyponatremia

A

low sodium - muscle weakness, cramps, coma, convulsions

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29
Q

S/S of hypernatremia

A

coma, convulsions

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30
Q

S/S of hypokalemia

A

muscle cramps, weakness, paralysis, dysrhythmias, flattened T waves, U waves

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31
Q

S/S of hyperkalemia

A

muscle weakness, cramps dysrhythmias, tall T waves

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32
Q

what is hematochezia

A

bright red blood in the stool

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33
Q

what causes esophagogastric varices

A

pressure increases in the blood vessels that surround the esophagus and stomach

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34
Q

what is pruritus

A

itching

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35
Q

what is Mallory-Weiss syndrome

A

vomiting increases pressure and junction between esophagus and stomach tears - does not go entirely through esophagus wall

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36
Q

what is Boerhaave syndrome

A

occurs during vomiting, esophagus tears longitudinally completely through wall

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37
Q

how to differentiate Boerhaave from other throat bleeding

A

sudden upper chest pain and little bleeding, swallowing exacerbates pain

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38
Q

what is peptic ulcer disease

A

protective layer of stomach and duodenum have been eroded and acid starts to eat the organ

39
Q

what is gastritis

A

preulcerative state in which stomach is inflamed but erosion has not occurred

40
Q

what are Curling ulcers

A

cause by stress related to burns

41
Q

what are Cushing ulcers

A

caused by head injuries or brain tumors

42
Q

what is Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

A

tumors within pancreas and duodenum cause increased gastric acid production leading to peptic ulcer disease

43
Q

what is dyspepsia

A

belching, bloating, and fatty food intolerance

44
Q

what is the result of a perforated ulcer

A

peritonitis with rebound tenderness and potential hypotension

45
Q

what is GERD

A

lower esophageal sphincter opens and allows stomach acid to move up

46
Q

what is a hiatal hernia

A

protrusion of portion of stomach through the diaphragm

47
Q

treatment for GERD and hiatal hernias

A

antacids, H2 blockers, proton pump inhibitors

48
Q

what can large amounts of antacids cause

A

metabolic alkalosis

49
Q

what are anal fissures

A

linear tears to mucosal lining near anus that can cause lower GI bleeds

50
Q

what is dyspepsia

A

heartburn

51
Q

what is stricture

A

abnormal narrowing of a structure

52
Q

what are lower esophageal strictures most often caused by

A

GERD

53
Q

what medication can be used for esophageal stricture/stenosis

A

glucagon because it causes dilation of esophagus

54
Q

what is hepatitis

A

inflammation of liver

55
Q

what is ascites and what is it most commonly associated with

A

abdominal edema - peritonitis

56
Q

where will pain be located with appendicitis

A

right lower quadrant

57
Q

where will pain be located with ruptured diverticulum

A

left lower quadrant

58
Q

what is dunphy sign

A

peritoneal pain increasing with coughing

59
Q

what are Biliary tract disorders

A

involve inflammation of the gallbladder

60
Q

what is cholangitis

A

inflammation of bile ductw

61
Q

hat is cholelithiasis

A

gallstones

62
Q

five Fs of cholecystitis

A

fair, fat, female, fertile, fourty-fifty

63
Q

what is a positive Murphy sign

A

sudden increase of pain on inspiration

64
Q

what is Charcot triad and what is it indicative of

A

fever, right upper quadrant pain, jaundice - inflammation of common bile duct

65
Q

3 classic presentations of appendicitis

A

early (periumbilical pain, vomiting, fever)
ripe (pain in lower right quadrant - McBurney point)
rupture (decrease in pain from pressure, severe abdominal pain, rebound tenderness)

66
Q

where is pain located in pancreatitis

A

left upper quadrant with radiation to the back

67
Q

what nutrient deficiency is common with pancreatitis and what symptom is present

A

hypocalcemia - muscle spasms

68
Q

what is Cullen sign

A

bruising around umbilicus

69
Q

what is Grey Turner sign

A

bruising in flanks

70
Q

what is IBD and what two conditions fall under this umbrella term

A

chronic inflammation of all parts of GI tract
ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease

71
Q

ulcerative colitis and its symptoms

A

generalized inflammation of the colon resulting in weakened, dilated rectum

rectal discharge, left lower quadrant pain, tenesmus

72
Q

what is tenesmus

A

feeling of rectal fullness

73
Q

Crohn disease and its symptoms

A

inflammation occurs in patches, usually in the ileum

rectal bleeding, weight loss, arthritis

74
Q

three main factors with IBS

A

hypersensitivity of bowel pain receptors, hyperresponsiveness of smooth muscle in bowel, psychiatric disorder connection

75
Q

3 characteristics of cirrhosis

A

portal hypertension, coagulation deficiencies, diminished detoxification

76
Q

what is icteric conjunctiva

A

yellow eyes

77
Q

what causes jaundiced skin

A

buildup of bilirubin

78
Q

what is hepatic encephalopathy

A

brain function impairment secondary to cirrhosis from rising ammonia levels and change in blood-brain barrier’s permeability

79
Q

what is intussusception

A

telescoping of intestines into themselves

80
Q

what is volvulus

A

twisting of the intestines

81
Q

peds tend to have entrapment at the ____, adults tend to have entrapment at the ___

A

UES, LES

82
Q
A
83
Q

primary symptoms of esophageal obstruction

A

dysphagia and drooling

83
Q

what is strangulated obstruction

A

bowel becomes twisted or blood supply is compromised and ischemia occurs

84
Q

most common 2 causes of large bowel obstruction

A

colon cancer and diverticulitis

85
Q

what is a hernia

A

protrusion of an organ or structure into an adjacent cavity

86
Q

what is a reducible hernia

A

will return to its normal location spontaneously or by manual manipulation

87
Q

what is an incarcerated hernia

A

organ is trapped in new location, most common consequence is bowel obstruction

88
Q

what is a strangulated hernia

A

intestine trapped and squeezed to where blood supply to area is diminished

89
Q

what is an incisional hernia

A

intestinal contents herniating through an incision after abdominal surgery

90
Q

what type of hernia is a life-threatening emergency

A

strangulated

91
Q

four main causes of mesenteric ischemia

A

acute arterial embolism, acute arterial thrombosis, profound vasospasm, mesenteric venous thrombosis

92
Q

what is cachexia

A

malnutrition and weight loss

93
Q
A

paramedic school (74 decks)

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