A&P CHAPTER 21: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Flashcards
PROCESS OF GAS EXCHANGE BETWEEN ATMOPHERE AND CELLS
RESPIRATION
MOVEMENT OF AIR IN AND OUT OF LUNGS
VENTILATION
GAS EXCHANGE BETWEEN AIR IN LUNGS AND BLOOD
EXTERNAL RESPIRATION
GAS EXCHANGE BETWEEN BLOOD AND THE CELLS
INTERNAL RESPIRATION
UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT
NOSE, NASAL CAVITY, PARANASAL SINUSES, PHARYNX (NASO, ORO, AND LARYNG)
LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT
LARYNX, TRACHEA, LUNGS
FLAP-LIKE STRUCTURE THAT ALLOWS LARYNX TO CONTROL WHETHER AIR OF FOOD PASSES
EPIGLOTTIS
WHAT SPLITS INTO THE LEFT AND RIGHT BRONCHI
TRACHEA
POINT WHERE TRACHEA BRANCHES INTO BRONCHI
CARINA
TYPE 1 ALVEOLAR CELLS
ONE LAYER OF SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS OF THE ALVEOLI WALLS
TYPE II ALVEOLAR CELLS
CUBOIDAL CELLS ON SURFACE OF ALVEOLI THAT SECRETE SURFACTANT (OILY SUBSTANCE THAT COATS AVEOLI)
ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES
DUST CELLS
PHAGOCYTIZE PARTICLES IN ALVEOLAR EPITHELIUM THAT HAVE NOT ALREADY BEEN CAUGHT
WHAT DOES SURFACTANT DO
KEEPS ALVEOLI OPEN AND REDUCES SURFACE TENSION
WHAT ENZYME DO ALVEOLAR CAPILLARIES RELEASE
ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME (CONVERTS ANGIOTENSIN I TO ANGIOTENSIN II THAT REGULATE BP AND VOLUME)
PULMONARY EMBOLISM
WHEN BLOOD FLOW TO A GORUP OF ALVEOLI IS STOPPED WHEN BRANCH OF PULMONARY ARTERY IS BLOCKED BY LARGE BLOOD CLOTS
VISCERAL VS PARIETAL PLEURA
VISCERAL: SEROUS MEMBRANE COVERING EXTERNAL LUNG SURFACES
PARIETAL: INNER LINING UNDER VISCERAL PLEURA
WHAT DOES PLUERAL FLUID DO
REDUCES FRICTION AS PLEURAE MOVE AGAINST EACH OTHER
VOLUME CHANGES ALWAYS LEAD TO ____
PRESSURE CHANGES
PRESSURE CHANGES LEAD TO ___
FLOW OF GASES TO EQUALIZE PRESSURE
WHAT DOES BOYLE’S LAW STATE
AT A CONSTANT TEMP, PRESSURE OF A GAS CHANGES INVERSELY WITH ITS VOLUME
NORMAL RESTING RESPIRATION IS A ____ PROCESS
PASSIVE
INHALATION CONTRACTS WHICH MUSCLES
DIAPHRAGM, EXTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES, ACCESSORY MUSCLES
QUIET BREATHING IS KNOWN AS
EUPNEA
WHAT HAPPENS DURING EXPRIATION
THE DIAPHRAGM AND RIBCAGE RETURN TO ORIGINAL POSITIONS (ELASTIC REBOUND)
FORCED BREATHING IS KNOWN AS
HYPERPNEA
WHAT IS TIDAL VOLUME
AMOUNT OF AIR MOVING IN AND OUT OF LUNGS WITH EACH BREATH DURING NORMAL BREATHING
INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME
AMOUNT OF AIR THAT CAN BE FORCEFULLY INHALED BEYOND THE TIDAL VOLUME
EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME
AMOUNT OF AIR THAT CAN BE FORCEFULLY EXPELLED AFTER THE NORMAL TIDAL VOLUME
RESIDUAL VOLUME
AMOUNT OF AIR REMAINING IN LUNGS AFTER MOST FORCEFUL EXPIRATION OF AIR
PREVENTS LUNGS FROM COLLAPSING AND KEEPING ALVEOLI OPEN
“PATENT”
FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY
AIR REMAINING IN LUNGS AFTER NORMAL TIDAL VOLUME EXPIRATION (ERV, RV)
VITAL CAPACITY
TOTAL AMOUNT OF AIR FROM TV, IRV, AND ERV
TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY
TOTAL OF ALL LUNG VOLUMES ADDED TOGETHER (TV, IRV, ERV, RV)
MINUTE VENTILATION
TOTAL AMOUNT OF GAS FLOWING IN/OUT OF REPSIRATORY TRACT IN ONE MINUTE
DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURES
TOTAL PRESSURE FROM MIX OF GASES IS SUM OF THE PRESSURE THAT EACH GAS EXERTS INDEPENDENTLY
HENRY’S LAW
WHEN GAS CONTACTS A LIQUID IT DISSOLVES IN THE LIQUID IN PROPORTION TO ITS PARTIAL PRESSURE
4 COMPONENTS OF AIR BY PERCENTAGE (HIGHEST TO LOWEST)
NITROGEN, OXYGEN, WATER, CO2
OXYHEMOGLOBIN
OXYGEN DISSOLVES IN BLOOD AND COMBINES WITH IRON ATOMS OF HEMOGLOBIN TO FORM THIS
CARRIES OXYGEN TO NEARBY CELLS WHO NEED IT
WHAT HAPPENS WITH MOGLOBIN WHEN PH CHANGES
IF PH DECREASES, HB MOLECULES CHANGE SHAPE TO RELEASE OXYGEN MORE EASILY
WHAT HAPPENS WITH HEMOGLOBIN AS TEMP CHANGES
IF TEMP IS INCREASED MORE OXYGEN IS RELEASED
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ADULT AND FETUS HEMOGLOBIN
MUCH LARGER AFFINITY FOR OXYGEN IN FETAL
WHAT PART OF THE HEMOGLOBIN DOES CO2 BOND TO
THE AMINO GROUPS OR PROTEIN PORTION
CARBAMINOHEMOGLOBIN
CARBON DIOXIDE BINDING TO HEMOGLOBIN
WHAT DOES CARBON DIOXIDE REACTING WITH WATER FORM
BICARBONATE IONS
WHAT ENZYME SPEEDS UP THE REACTION OF CARBON DIOXIDE AND WATER
CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
DAMAGE TO THE PHRENIC NERVE CAN CAUSE
INCREASED RESPIRATORY RATE
DORSAL VS VETNRAL RESPIRATORY GROUP
DORSAL: INSPIRATION MUSCLES
VENTRAL: EXPIRATION MUSCLES
DEEP BREATHING IS REFERRED TO AS _____
SHALLOW BREATHING IS REFERRED TO AS ____
DEEP: VDIAPHRAGMATIC
SHALLOW: COSTAL
WHAT DO CENTRAL CHEMORECEPTORS DO
LOCATED IN MEDULLA OBLONGATA
SENSE CO2 INCREASE IN CSF AND INCREASE RESPIRATORY RATE AND TIDAL VOLUME
MOST IMPORTANT CHEMICAL REGULATOR OF RESPIRATION
CO2
CONDITION IN WHICH CO2 ACCUMULATES IN BRAIN
HYPERCAPNIA
PERIPHERAL CHEMORECEPTORS
IN CAROTID AND AORTIC BODIES
HELP AND SENSE CHANGES IN BLOOD OXYGEN LEVELS IN EXTREME CASES AND CAN INCREASE BREATHING RATE
