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PARAMEDIC SCHOOL > CHP 24: ENDOCRINE EMERGENCIES > Flashcards

CHP 24: ENDOCRINE EMERGENCIES Flashcards

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1
Q

chemical messengers that are secreted into bloodstream by endocrine glands

A

hormones

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2
Q

what is the link between the endocrine system and the nervous system

A

hypothalamus

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3
Q

what structure controls release of hormones by pituitary gland

A

hypothalamus

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4
Q

a decrease in the body’s water content triggers release of what

A

ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

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5
Q

what are tropic hormones

A

hormones secreted to stimulate release of other hormones

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6
Q

the ___ secretes TSH so the thyroid releases what?

A

anterior pituitary gland, T4

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7
Q

which gland secretes calcitonin and what is it for

A

thyroid - limits calcium levels

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8
Q

what does the parathyroid hormone do

A

antagonist to calcitonin - stimulates osteoclasts to break down done and decreases calcium released in urine from kidneys

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9
Q

main function of the thymus gland

A

helps immune system identify and destroy foreign substances

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10
Q

which organ is both endocrine and exocrine gland

A

pancreas

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11
Q

where is the islets of Langerhans

A

pancreas

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12
Q

3 types of cells and what they release in islets of Langerhans

A

alpha: glucagon
beta: insulin
delta: somatostatin

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13
Q

what organ does glucagon stimulate and to do what

A

the liver to convert glycogen into sugar

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14
Q

what organ does insulin stimulate and to do what

A

the liver to store glucose as glycogen

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15
Q

where are the adrenal glands located

A

superior aspect of each kidney

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16
Q

2 sections of adrenal glands

A

cortex and medulla

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17
Q

what does aldosterone do

A

stimulates kidneys to reabsorb sodium from urine to increase blood volume and BP

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18
Q

what organ releases aldosterone

A

adrenal cortex

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19
Q

what organ releases norepi and epi

A

adrenal medulla

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20
Q

norepi vs epi

A

norepi: raises BP through arterioconstriction and bronchiole dilation

epi: stimulates sympathetic nervous system and stimulates liver to convert glycogen to glucose for energy

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21
Q

what do the testes produce

A

androgens

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22
Q

anterior pituitary gland directions actions of ovaries through what two hormones

A

FSH and LH

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23
Q

two hormones released by ovaries

A

estrogen and progesterone (small amount of testosterone)

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24
Q

what causes myxedema coma

A

severe, untreated hypothyroidism

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25
Q

what causes thyrotoxicosis

A

excessive levels of thryoid hormone

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26
Q

3 tell-tale signs of Cushing syndrome

A

buffalo hump, moon face, acne

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27
Q

mottled skin can be associated with what

A

pancreatitis

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28
Q

what causes SIADH and its symptoms

A

excess ADH causes decreased urinary output and systemic fluid overload

symptoms: enlarged or abnormal body parts with edema

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29
Q

what is anasarca

A

extreme generalized edema

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30
Q

what is exophthalmos

A

protruding eyeballs

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31
Q

what is Graves disease and its symptoms

A

autoimmune disorder that causes thyroid gland hypertrophy and severe hyperthyroidism

symptoms: exophthalmos

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32
Q

what is panhypopituitarism

A

inadequate production or absence of pituitary hormones

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33
Q

symptoms in patients with undiagnosed or poorly managed diabetes

A

polyphagia, polyuria, polydipsia

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34
Q

symptoms in patients with hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis

A

tachycardia, PVCs and atrial dysrhythmias (PACs)

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35
Q

what skin condition is a classic sign of shock or hypoglycemia

A

cold and clammy

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35
Q

what skin condition is a sign of sedative OD or alcohol intoxication

A

cold and dry

36
Q

what skin condition is a sign of hyperglycemia or heatstroke

A

hot and dry

37
Q

what do Kussmaul respirations often signify

A

diabetic ketoacidosis

38
Q

what two breathing motions require intact brainstem and what two indicate brainstem damage

A

intact: yawn and sneezing
damaged: hiccupping and coughing

39
Q

3 signs in Cushing reflex

A

slowing pulse, rising BP, erratic respiratory pattern

40
Q

what is diabetes mellitus

A

disease of body’s inability to sufficiently metabolize glucose

41
Q

what is polyphagia

A

increased appetite

42
Q

what is polydipsia

A

increased thirst

43
Q

what is polyuria

A

excessive urine

44
Q

how does diabetes affect kidneys

A

principal cause of kidney failure because it causes kidneys to work harder

45
Q

what is microangiopathy

A

deterioration of vessel walls

46
Q

why does diabetes increase chance of heart disease

A

lipolysis increases level of fat in blood and adheres to vessel walls

47
Q

what contributes to increased risk of silent MI in diabetes patients

A

microangiopathy and neuropathy

48
Q

what is neuropathy

A

nerve damage that results in loss of sensation

49
Q

which type of diabetes is insulin-dependent

A

type 1

50
Q

what is latent autoimmune diabetes

A

variant of type 1 diabetes that occurs in adults older than 30y/o

51
Q

what happens in type 2 diabetes

A

“insulin resistance” body can’t produce enough insulin to compensate for inability to use insulin effectively

52
Q

type 1 diabetes is insulin ____
type 2 diabetes is insulin ____

A

dependent
resistant

53
Q

what is metformin prescribed for

A

type 2 diabetes

54
Q

how to test for prediabetes

A

A1c blood test

55
Q

when is gestational diabetes usually diagnosed and when does it peak

A

28 weeks, third trimester

56
Q

hypoglycemia is less than ___mg/dL

A

45

57
Q

3 lines of defense for hypoglycemia

A

1st: reduce insulin production and increase glucagon production
2nd: catecholamine release (will show as tachycardia) and cortisol
3rd: ANS stimulation for counter-regulatory hormones

58
Q

what is the dawn phenomenon

A

body releasing cortisol and catecholamines in the morning before waking triggers release of glucose from the liver

59
Q

what os Somogyi effect

A

low BGL causes release of hormones that trigger release of glucose from liver

60
Q

what BGL range does HHNS occur

A

above 600

61
Q

treatment for DKA with peaked T waves

A

1L of saline, albuterol, calcium chloride, sodium bicarb

62
Q

what is hyperosmolarity

A

highly concentrated blood as a result of releative dehydration

63
Q

2 most common causes of pancreatitis

A

gallstones and alcohol abuse

64
Q

what causes flank pain with pain worsening when patient is placed supine

A

pancreatitis

65
Q

what disease is linked to primary adrenal insufficiency

A

Addison disease

66
Q

what is Addison disease caused by

A

atrophy/destruction of adrenal glands

67
Q

S/S of Addison disease

A

weight loss, fatigue, salt craving, joint pain, postural dizziness, increased pigmentation, palmar creases

68
Q

treatment for Addison disease

A

Hydrocortisone, 5% dextrose saline

69
Q

what is secondary adrenal insufficiency

A

lack of ACTH secretion from pituitary gland

70
Q

most common cause of addisonian crisis

A

corticosteroid withdrawal

71
Q

what causes Cushing syndrome

A

overproduction of cortisol by adrenal glands or excessive corticosteroid use

72
Q

symptoms of Cushing syndrome

A

weight gain “moon face” or “buffalo hump”, darkening of neck skin, high BGL, increased thirst/urination

73
Q

what is pheochromocytoma

A

tumor in the medulla of adrenal gland causes excessive release of epi and norepi

74
Q

what is acromegaly

A

over secretion of GH from anterior pituitary gland (usually from tumor) that causes gigantism

75
Q

what is dwarfism

A

under secretion of GH from anterior pituitary gland causing delayed development and growth

76
Q

what causes a goiter

A

hypertrophied thyroid from Graves disease

77
Q

what is exophthalmos and what disease is it linked to

A

edema of tissue behind eyes - Graves

78
Q

what is pretibial myxedema and what disease is it linked to

A

“orange peel” appearance and non-pitting edema in leg below knee - Graves

79
Q

what is myxedema

A

adult hypothyroidism

80
Q

what causes thyrotoxicosis

A

excessive levels of circulating thyroid hormone

81
Q

most common cause of hyperparathyroidism

A

benign tumor on the gland called adenoma

82
Q

2 hormone levels that characterize hyperparathyroidism

A

hypercalcemia and decreased phosphate levels

83
Q

what is panhypopituitarism

A

inadequate production or absence of pituitary hormones

84
Q

what is diabetes insipidus

A

body can’t regulate fluid due to lack of ADH or kidneys are unable to respond appropriately

85
Q

difference between diabetes insipidus and SIADH

A

diabetes insipidus: decreased levels of ADH, polyuria, dehydration

SIADH: increased ADH levels, oliguria, systemic fluid overload

86
Q

what is SIADH

A

excess of ADH causing decreased urinary output

87
Q
A

PARAMEDIC SCHOOL (74 decks)

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