98. Trauma (16%) Flashcards

1
Q

Évaluez et stabilisez les victimes de traumatismes avec une approche systématique, en anticipant les complications et en effectuant l’examen primaire et secondaire.

A
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2
Q

Anticipez, identifiez et débutez immédiatement le traitement des complications qui mettent la vie du patient en danger.

Nommez des examples (2)

A
  • pneumothorax sous tension
  • tamponnade
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3
Q

Devant plusieurs patients polytraumatisés, procédez au triage en fonction des ressources et des priorités de traitement.

A
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4
Q

Chez les victimes de traumatismes, assurez la perméabilité des voies respiratoires, comment ?

A
  • sécurisez la colonne cervicale
  • utilisez une sédation consciente
  • reconnaissez les airways difficiles
  • prévoyez les alternatives du airway difficile tel une crico-thyréostomie)
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5
Q

Chez les victimes de traumatismes, recherchez une hypothermie dès l’arrivée et subséquemment (puisqu’elle peut se développer pendant le traitement).

A
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6
Q

Soupçonnez certains problèmes médicaux (p. ex., convulsions, intoxication médicamenteuse ou par des drogues, hypoglycémie, tentative de suicide) comme la cause précipitante du traumatisme

A
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7
Q

Ne déplacez pas des patients potentiellement instables de la salle de stabilisation vers la salle d’investigation (p. ex., tomodensitométrie, examen radiologique).

A
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8
Q

Déterminez le moment où le transfert du patient est nécessaire (p. ex., saignement au niveau du système nerveux central, absence de soutien spécialisé).

A
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9
Q

Transférez les patients de façon appropriée (c.-à-d. stabilisez-les avant le transfert et choisissez le moyen de transfert, p. ex. ambulance ou avion).

A
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10
Q

Profitez des occasions propices pour donner vos conseils afin de prévenir ou de minimiser les traumatismes (p. ex., ne conduisez pas en état d’ébriété, utilisez les ceintures et les casques de sécurité).

A
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11
Q

Chez les enfants victimes de blessures d’origine traumatique, éliminez quoi?

A

la violence. (Évaluez minutieusement le mécanisme déclaré de la blessure et assurez-vous qu’il correspond véritablement à la blessure).

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12
Q

(Primary Survey with Simultaneous Resuscitation)

Describe Airway

A
  • Airway with C-spine protection - anticipate airway compromise (eg. airway burn)
  • Inspect (foreign bodies, facial/mandibular/tracheal/laryngeal injuries, burn)
  • Clear airway (suction)
  • Oxygen (mask, nasal prongs)
  • Open Airway : Jaw-thrust, chin-lift, Oropharyngeal airway (if unconscious)
  • Secure airway. Definitive airway if airway not maintainable (eg. GCS ≤8) (Intubation, supraglottic, cricothyroidotomy). Consider quick neuro exam prior to sedation
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13
Q

(Primary Survey with Simultaneous Resuscitation)

Describe Breathing

A
  • Breathing and ventilation - RR, WOB, tracheal deviation, signs of injury to chest wall, auscultate
  • Oxygen + pulse oximeter (O2 sat)
  • Needle decompression, tube thoracostomy
  • r/o pneumothorax, hemothorax, flail chest
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14
Q

(Primary Survey with Simultaneous Resuscitation)

Describe Circulation

A
  • Circulation with hemorrhage control - bleed, pulse, BP, skin colour
  • If possible, control hemorrhage before volume resuscitation
  • Avoid “exploring” wounds unless directed by Trauma consultant
  • Direct manual pressure to bleeding sites. Consider tourniquet (or alternative, eg. BP cuff) if pressure not effective and risk to patient life
  • Identify internal hemorrhage (chest, abdomen, retroperitoneum, pelvis, long bones)
  • Monitors
  • IV x2. (Consider IO, central venous access ; 1L warmed fluids then blood products ; Consider Tranexamic acid)
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15
Q

Décrire le traitement: hémorragie interne

A
  • Décompression péricardique
  • Ceinture pelvienne, attelles d’extrémité, chirurgie
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16
Q

(Primary Survey with Simultaneous Resuscitation)

Describe Disability

A
  • (neuro) - GCS (LOC), pupils, lateralizing signs, glucose
  • Change in mental status -> rule out ABC cause for decreased brain perfusion
  • Consider CNS injury, hypoglycemia, CO, drugs (alcohol, narcotics)
17
Q

If suspect traumatic brain injury, how to prevent hypotension and hypoxia ?

A
  • Raise head of bed
  • Consider mannitol (care as lowers BP) vs. hypertonic saline (preferred in hypotensive patient)
  • Use ASIA tool to determine spinal cord injury level
18
Q

(Primary Survey with Simultaneous Resuscitation)

Describe Exposure

A
  • Exposure and environmental control - Undress but prevent hypothermia (warm blankets)
  • Microwave can be used to warm crystalloids, but not blood products
  • IV fluid warmer (Level One, Ranger) for blood products
19
Q

Describe : Secondary Survey (5)

A
  • AMPLE history from patient, family, EMS. (Allergies, Meds, PMH, Last meal, Events)
  • Recheck ABCDE
  • Head to toe (including log roll, rectal exam, vaginal exam)
  • Bedside ultrasound (eFAST), Chest/Pelvis X-rays, DPL
  • Medications : Analgesia, Antibiotics, Tetanus
20
Q

Describe interventions to be done from head to toe in secondary Survey (5)

A
  • NG or OG tube if no sign of basal skull fracture
  • Urinary foley catheter if no blood at meatus or perineal ecchymosis. Urine output goal of 0.5mL/kg/h in adults (1mL/kg/h in pediatric, 2mL/kg/h in <1yo)
  • Pelvic binder
  • Immobilize deformed joints/bones
  • Resolve reversible arterial compromise (dislocations)
21
Q

Describe : Tension pneumothorax

A
  • Thoracostomie à l’aiguille au niveau de la ligne médio-claviculaire du 2ème espace intercostal ou de la ligne axillaire antérieure/moyenne du 5ème espace intercostal, n’attendez pas la radiographie (peut faire une échographie au chevet)
  • Drain thoracique au cinquième espace intercostal sur la ligne axillaire antérieure
22
Q

Describe : Cardiac tamponade

A
  • Penetrating chest wound
    Beck triad (hypotension, distended neck veins, muffled heart sounds), pulsus paradoxus, Kussmaul sign (rise in JVP on inspiration)
  • Confirm with echochardiogram
  • Péricardiocentèse
23
Q

Name Life-threatening complications in trauma (6)

A
  • Tension pneumothorax
  • Cardiac tamponade
  • Hemothorax
  • Flail chest
  • Upper airway obstruction
  • Aorta lesion
24
Q

Suspect shock or occult shock when ? (5)

A
  • Isolated or persistent sBP<110mmHg (ask about lowest recorded BP)
  • Shock Index ≥1 (ie. HR>sBP)
  • Change in Shock Index from field to arrival ≥0.1
  • Hemorrhage with flat IVC
  • Loss of central pulses or signs of poorly perfused extremities
25
Name Types of Shock (7)
* Hypovolemic * Obstructive * Cardiogenic * Distributive * Endocrine * Metabolic (acidosis, hypothermia) * Drugs (CCB, BB, Digoxin)
26
Name types of hypovolemic shock (2)
* Hemorrhagic (Ectopic) until proven otherwise * Non-hemorrhagic (GI, skin-burns, renal, third space, pancreatitis)
27
Name types of obstructive shock (2)
* Pulmonary vascular (PE) * Mechanical (Tension pneumothroax, pericardial tamponade)
28
Name types of Cardiogenic shock (3)
* Cardiomyopathic (MI) * Arrhythmogenic (tachy/bradyarrhythmia) * Mechanical (valvular)
29
Name types of distributive shock (3)
* Sepsis * Neurogenic (traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury) * Anaphylactic * Inflammatory
30
Name types of endocrine shock (3)
* insuffisance surrénalienne * thyréotoxicose * coma myxœdème
31
Name types of metabolic shock (2)
* acidosis * hypothermia
32
Describe things to take into consideration in transfers (5)
* Do not waste time doing investigations if you cannot treat (eg. don't do CT abdo if you don't have surgery) * Refer to trauma center * Consider most appropriate mode of transfer (ground vs. airplane vs. helicopter) * Be wary of air travel for pneumothorax or low O2 saturations * Consider intubation/chest tubes/procedures prior to transfer
33
Find opportunities to offer advice to prevent or minimize trauma. Name examples. (3)
* do not drive drunk * use seatbelts * helmets
34
In children with traumatic injury, rule out what ?
Abuse. Carefully assess the reported mechanism of injury to ensure it corresponds with the actual injury.