30. Dizziness (9%) Flashcards

1
Q

Chez les patients qui consultent pour étourdissements, éliminez quoi? (3-)

A
  • les maladies cardiovasculaires (arythmie, infarctus du myocarde)
  • vasculaires cérébrales (AVC)
  • autres maladies neurologiques graves (sclérose en plaques)
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2
Q

Chez les patients qui consultent pour étourdissements, obtenez une anamnèse détaillée afin de bien les distinguer quoi ?

A
  • d’un vertige
  • d’une présyncope
  • d’une syncope.
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3
Q

Chez les patients qui consultent pour étourdissements, recherchez l’hypotension orthostatique.

A
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4
Q

Examinez minutieusement les patients qui se plaignent d’étourdissements afin d’identifier tout signe neurologique.

A
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5
Q

Chez les patients étourdis qui sont hypotendus, éliminez les étiologies sérieuses comme quoi ?

A
  • Infarctus du myocarde
  • Anévrisme de l’aorte abdominale
  • Septicémie
  • saignement gastro-intestinal
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6
Q

Chez les patients souffrant d’étourdissements chroniques qui consultent pour un changement de leurs symptômes habituels, procédez à quoi?

A

une réévaluation systématique pour éliminer une nouvelle pathologie.

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7
Q

Chez un patient étourdi, passez en revue la pharmacothérapie (y compris les médicaments sur ordonnance et en vente libre) afin d’identifier une cause réversible de leurs étourdissements.

A
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8
Q
A
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9
Q

Poussez plus loin l’investigation des patients atteints d’étourdissements qui présentent quoi?

A
  • des signes ou symptômes de vertige d’origine central ;
  • des antécédents de traumatisme ;
  • des signes, symptômes ou autres raisons (p. ex. anticoagulothérapie) qui laissent soupçonner la possibilité d’une cause sous-jacente grave.
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10
Q

Differentiate Vertigo vs. Non-vertigo

A

Vertigo: Sustained (r/o stroke) vs. Episodic
Non-vertigo:
* Syncope (r/o CVS, seizure, hypoglycemia)
* Pre-syncope (r/o CVS)
* Disequilibrium (r/o neuromuscular)
* Lightheadedness

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11
Q

Describe timecourse of vertigo

A

Vertigo cannot be continuous for >few weeks (CNS adapts), likely psychogenic

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12
Q

What DDX to think of if : Acute prolonged severe vertigo

A
  • AVC
  • Maladie démyélinisante
  • Névrite vestibulaire
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13
Q

What DDX to think of if : Recurrent spontaneous attacks, minutes-hours

A
  • Meniere
  • Vestibular
  • Migraine
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14
Q

What DDX to think of if : Recurrent positional, seconds-minutes

A

VPPB

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15
Q

What DDX to think of if : Chronic persistent dizziness

A
  • Psychogenic
  • Cerebellar ataxia
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16
Q

Now redflags of central vertigo (6)

A
  • Diplopia, Dysarthria, Dysphonia, Dysphagia, Dysmetria
  • Multiple transient prodromal episodes of dizziness over weeks/months
  • Headache, neck pain, recent trauma (vertebral artery dissection/aneurysm)
  • Auditory symptoms (despite mimicking benign peripheral causes, hearing loss in acute vestibular syndrome is frequently associated with stroke)
  • Neuro signs: Facial palsy, sensory loss, limb ataxia, hemiparesis, oculomotor (Internuclear ophthalmoplegia, gaze palsy, vertical nystagmus)
  • Gait unsteadiness
17
Q

Differenciate peripheral and central nystagmus

A
  • Peripheral: Unidirectional, Horizontal nystagmus, Suppressible with visual fixation, Positional
  • Central: Uni or Bi-directional, Purely vertical/horizontal/torsional nystagmus, Not suppressible, Not positional (ie. Central is usually Spontaneous)
18
Q

Describe sx Meniere’s ()

A
  • Unilateral ear fullness
  • Tinnitus
  • Fluctuating hearing loss
  • Severe vertigo
19
Q

When to use HINTS test ? (4)

A
  • In acute onset, sustained vertigo
  • Must differentiate between stroke vs. acute idiopathic unilateral peripheral vestibulopathy (vestibular neuritis, labyrinthitis)
  • Almost 2/3 of patients with stroke lack focal neurological signs, thus use HINTS to rule out stroke.
  • HINTS+ only in Acute Vestibular Syndrome (to differentiate stroke from vestibular neuritis) in patients with current nystagmus
20
Q

Describe HINTS test

A
  • Head Impulse - Rapid head rotation towards mid-line with eyes fixed on object (normal suggests central cause)
  • Nystagmus - Vertical/bidirectional/torsional (note torsional is expected in episodic BPPV, but not in acute vestibular syndrome due to peripheral cause)
  • Test of Skew - Skew deviation or misalignment on cover-uncover test
  • Presence of one INFARCT (impulse normal or fast-phase alternating or refixation on cover test) may be more accurate to diagnose stroke than urgent MRI
  • Negative INFARCT (abnormal head impulse, horizontal unidirectional nystagmus, no skew deviation), but may not be enough to rule out stroke in the emergency room
    • Hearing loss, rule-out AICA infarct
21
Q

Describe investigations : Dizziness

A
  • EKG (r/o Arrhythmia, MI)
  • CBC, Lytes, TSH (Low yield)
  • MRI (83% sensitive), CT (16% sensitive)
  • MRI can miss stroke (20% false negative) until 48h after symptoms
22
Q

Describe General acute symptomatic management of vertigo

A

Antihistamines, Benzodiazepines, Antiemetics

23
Q

Describe tx : VPPB

A
  • Epley maneuver
  • Sermont maneuver
  • Gufoni maneuver in horizontal canal BPPV
  • Betahistine 24mg PO BID limited evidence
24
Describe tx : Meniere's
* Limit salt, caffeine, nicotine, alcohol * Betahistine, Diuretic
25
Describe tx : Vestibular neuritis and Labyrinthitis
* DepoMedrol 22-day tapering dose schedule * Supportive
26
Describe tx : Central diziness
MRI Evaluation for Thrombolysis/Thrombectomy Secondary risk management * Antihypertensives if BP >140/90 * Aspirin or clopidogrel * Atorvastatin 80mg/day (SPARCL trial) * Carotid endarterectomy for recent symptom * Holter-24-48h r/o Afib * Echocardiography * Lifestyle (Glucose control if diabetic, Eliminate alcohol, smoking, Exercise)