94. Stroke (8%) Flashcards

1
Q

Chez les patients qui présentent des symptômes et/ou des signes suggérant un accident vasculaire cérébral (AVC), incluez d’autres hypothèses dans votre diagnostic différentiel.

Nommez des examples

A
  • ischémie cérébrale transitoire (ICT)
  • tumeur cérébrale
  • hypoglycémie
  • hématome sous-dural
  • hémorragie sous-arachnoïdienne
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2
Q

Nommez les étiologies de l’AVC

A
  • hémorragique
  • embolique
  • thrombotique
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3
Q

Nommez les délais thrombolyses

A

within 3-4.5h of symptom onset if no contraindications

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4
Q

Lorsque le diagnostic d’AVC est posé, impliquez, au besoin, d’autres professionnels de la santé (p. ex., ergothérapeute, physiothérapeute, intervenant social, physiatre, neurologue) pour assurer au patient le meilleur pronostic possible.

A
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5
Q

Dans le plan de soins du patient victime d’un AVC atteint de déficits sévères, impliquez le patient et sa famille dans les décisions entourant les interventions (p. ex., réanimation, instauration de l’hyperalimentation, traitement d’une pneumonie).

A
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6
Q

Chez les patients victimes d’un AVC, diagnostiquez les déficits cognitifs (non associés à des symptômes ou signes sensitifs ou moteurs tel l’inattention et l’impulsivité) lorsqu’ils sont présents.

A
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7
Q

Donnez aux patients et à leurs familles des informations concernant le pronostic de récupération des incapacités.

A
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8
Q

Chez les patients victimes d’AVC avec incapacités, évaluez les ressources et le soutien nécessaire pour améliorer leur autonomie fonctionnelle (p. ex. canne, cadre de marche, soins à domicile).

A
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9
Q
A
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9
Q

Dans la continuité des soins dispensés aux patients victimes d’AVC avec incapacités (p. ex., dysphagie, alitement), incluez dans le plan de traitement la prévention de certaines complications puisque leur fréquence est plus élevée.

Nommez des examples.

A
  • pneumonie d’aspiration
  • ulcère de décubitus
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10
Q

Chez les patients à risque d’AVC, traitez les facteurs de risque modifiables (p. ex. fibrillation auriculaire*).

A
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11
Q

Chez tous les patients ayant des antécédents d’ICT ou d’AVC complété, ainsi que chez les patients asymptomatiques, mais à risque élevé d’AVC, prescrivez quoi?

A

un traitement antithrombotique (p. ex., acide acétylsalicylique, clopidogrel [Plavix]) afin de réduire le risque d’AVC.

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12
Q

Describe : Transient ischemia attacks (TIA)

A
  • Brief episode of neurological dysfunction without evidence of acute infarction, back to baseline <24h
  • 3% risk of stroke in first 2 days after TIA, risk stratify with ABCD2 score >3 admission
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13
Q

Describe : Stroke

A

Sudden onset focal neurological dysfunction from infarction or hemorrhage in the brain lasting >24h

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14
Q

Name signs/sx : Stroke (9)

A
  • Acute onset
  • Hemiparesis / Motor weakness
  • Neglect
  • Amaurosis fugax
  • Slurred speech
  • Dysphagia
  • Sensory deficits / Decreased reflexes
  • Mental status change / Confusion / Inattention
  • Impulsivity
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15
Q

Name risk factors : Stroke (11)

A
  • Smoking
  • Obesity / hyperlipidemia
  • Alcohol
  • Hypertension
  • Diabetes
  • Prior TIA/stroke
  • Atrial fibrillation
  • Coagulopathy
  • Age
  • Aboriginal/Black
  • Family History
16
Q

Name stroke mimics

A
  • Recrudescence of old stroke from metabolic or infectious stress
  • Todd’s paralysis after seizure
  • Complex migraine
  • Psych
  • Mass/tumor
  • Hypoglycemia
  • CNS infections
  • Bells palsy (central causes will spare the forehead)
  • Subarachnoid hemorrhage (sudden onset severe headache, stiff neck, photophobia, diplopia)
  • Subdural hematoma
17
Q

Name labs : Stroke (7)

A
  • CBC (platelets)
  • Blood type and screen
  • Chem 7 (creatinine, eGFR)
  • INR
  • Glucose
  • Consider ECG (r/o Afib)
  • Consider Troponin
18
Q

Name imagery : Stroke

A

Stat CT head +/- CT Angio (r/o hemorrhagic stroke, note infarcts may take 24-48h to appear)

19
Q

Describe management : Hemorrhagic stroke (3)

A
  • Reverse anticoagulation
  • Monitor ICP
  • Consult Neurosurgery
20
Q

Name Eligibility for tPA (4)

A
  • Age 18 years or older
  • Clinical diagnosis of ischemic stroke causing neurological deficit
  • Time of symptom onset < 3-4.5 hours
  • One study showed benefit up to 9 hours or on awakening
21
Q

Name C-I to tPA (8)

A
  • Active or history of intracranial hemorrhage
  • <3 months neurosurgery, head trauma, stroke
  • Uncontrolled hypertension >185/110
  • Known intracranial AV malformation, neoplasm, aneurysm
  • Active internal bleeding
  • Suspected endocarditis, suspected subarachnoid hemorrhage
  • Bleeding disorder (Plat<100, heparin with elevated aPTT, INR>1.7, DOAC)
  • Abnormal glucose <2.7mmol/L
22
Q

Describe tx HTA in Stroke (3)

A
  • Target BP <185/110 prior to treatment, and <180/105 for first 24h if thrombolytic therapy
  • If no thrombolytic, only treat if >220/120 or other indication
  • Consider Labetalol, Nicardipine, Clevidipine
24
When is the highest risk after TIA or stroke ?
Highest risk within 48h of TIA or stroke
25
Describe work-up
* Brain imaging (CT or MRI) with vascular imaging (CTA or MRA from aortic arch to vertex, or carotid doppler). >50% symptomatic (>60% asymptomatic) carotid stenosis should be offered carotid endarterectomy as soon as possible * ECG and 24-hour cardiac monitoring + Holter (if no Afib on ECG and 24h monitor) * TTE (or TEE if high suspicion) : Thrombi, endocarditis, calcifications, tumour. Patent foramen ovale (No clear evidence for PFO closure) * Antiphospholipid * Vasculitis
26
Describe prevention of stroke (6)
* Antiplatelets * Lifestyle * Atrial fibrillation (anticoagulate as per CHADS65). If ECG negative, can consider prolonged ECG monitoring (Holter) * Lipids (Statin in all ischemic stroke/TIA) * Screen and Treat: DB, TA, Hormone (Consider stopping hormone replacement therapy and OCP), OSA * Review FAST (symptoms of stroke)
27
Name antiplatelets for prevention (2)
* Clopidogrel (75mg daily) vs. aspirin/dipyridamole (25/200mg BID) vs. aspirin alone (delay 24h if given tPA) * For minor stroke and TIA, consider dual antiplatelet for 10-21d
28
Name lifestyle modification for prevention (2)
Smoking / Alcohol Obesity (Weight loss) * Diet (avoid fat, sodium, sugar) * Physical activity