42. Gastro-intestinal Bleed (5%) Flashcards

1
Q

Chez un patient qui a du sang dans ses selles et dont l’état hémodynamique est instable, tenez compte des antécédents pour distinguer quoi et quoi ?

A

entre un saignement gastro-intestinal supérieur
et un saignement inférieur, car l’examen sera alors différent.

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2
Q

Chez un patient chez qui vous soupçonnez la présence de sang dans les selles, explorez d’autres causes possibles avant de procéder à un examen général.

Nommez des examples. (3)

A
  • Ingestion de betteraves
  • de fer
  • de Pepto-Bismol
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3
Q
A
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4
Q

Recherchez les patients à risque plus élevé de saignement GI afin de modifier le traitement pour diminuer le risque de saignement GI (p. ex. cytoprotection).

Nommez des examples de patients à risque. (4)

A
  • saignement GI antérieur
  • séjour aux soins intensifs
  • AINS
  • alcool
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5
Q

Chez un patient stable atteint d’un saignement GI inférieur, recherchez des causes sérieuses même quand le saignement semble avoir une cause évidente (p. ex. n’attribuez pas un saignement rectal aux hémorroïdes ou à un anticoagulant oral).

Nommez des examples de causes sérieuses. (4)

A
  • tumeur
  • maladie intestinale inflammatoire
  • ulcère
  • varices
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6
Q

Nommez DDX UGIB - Bleed (6)

A
  • Ulcère gastroduodénal
  • Varices œsophago-gastriques
  • Malformations AV
  • Tumeur
  • Déchirure œsophagienne (Mallory-Weiss)
  • Œsophagite/gastrite
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7
Q

Name ddx Lower GI bleed (5)

A
  • Diverticulose - la plus courante
  • Angiodysplasie
  • Colite (Maladie inflammatoire chronique de l’intestin, Infectieuse)
  • Néoplasique
  • Anorectale (hémorroïdes, fissures anales, ulcères rectaux)
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8
Q
A
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9
Q

Name conditions that predisposes to : Varices or portal hypertensive gastropathy

A

Liver disease/alcohol abuse

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10
Q

Name conditions that predisposes to : Fistule aorto-entérique

A

AAA or aortic graft

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11
Q

Name conditions that predisposes to : Angiodysplasia

A
  • Maladie rénale
  • sténose aortique
  • télangiectasie hémorragique héréditaire
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12
Q

Name conditions that predisposes to : Ulcère gastroduodénal (3)

A
  • H Pylori
  • Smoking
  • NSAIDs
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13
Q
A
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14
Q

Describe HPI : Peptic ulcer

A

Epigastric or right upper quadrant pain

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15
Q

Describe HPI : Esophageal ulcer

A
  • Odynophagia (painful swallowing)
  • Gastroesophageal reflux
  • Dysphagia
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16
Q

Describe HPI : Mallory-Weiss tear

A

Emesis, retching, or coughing prior to hematemesis

17
Q

Describe HPI : Variceal hemorrhage or portal hypertensive gastropathy

A
  • Jaundice
  • Weakness
  • Fatigue
  • Anorexia
  • Abdominal distention
18
Q

Describe physical exam : GI Bleed (4)

A
  • Hypovolemia: Tachycardia, hypotension
  • Consider nasogastric lavage if there is doubt of upper GI bleed
  • Ensure no abdominal tenderness, guarding, rebound to rule out acute abdomen (perforation)
  • Rectal exam for stool color and guaiac testing
19
Q

Describe investigations : GI Bleed (6)

A
  • CBC (Hb, platelets)
  • Chem (BUN, creat)
  • Liver enzymes (AST, ALT)
  • Coag (INR)
  • Albumin
  • EKG, Troponin if risk of MI (older, hx of CAD, chest pain or dyspnea)
20
Q

Describe tx : GI Bleed (6)

A
  • Gown, gloves, face shield mask
  • Oxygen, monitor, BP cycle
  • NPO
  • Two large IVs
  • NG + Elective endotracheal intubation if ongoing hematemesis, altered mental status, or risk of aspiration
  • Fluid resuscitation
  • In patients with variceal bleeding OR undifferentiated bleeding in cirrhosis = Prophylactic antibiotics (Ceftriaxone 1g IV daily x 7d)
  • PPI - Reduces rebleeding in high-risk ulcers treated with endoscopic therapy (Omeprazole)
  • Prokinetic - Promotes gastric emptying, shown to reduce second endoscopy (Erythromycin)
  • Somatostatin (and analogs) (Octreotide) in suspected variceal bleeding, however may have a role in nonvariceal bleeding in settings where endoscopy is unavailable
  • Balance risks and benefits of anticoagulant and antiplatelet agents reversal
  • Balloon tamponade for uncontrollable hemorrhage, intubation necessary prior
  • GI consultation for early endoscopy vs. interventional radiologist (angiography)
21
Q

Name antidote : Warfarin

22
Q

Name Heparin : Warfarin