9.4 Obstructive Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What will happen to the FEV1/FVC ratio in obstructive diseases?

A

Decreases

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2
Q

What will happen to the TLC in obstructive diseases?

A

Increases due to air trapping

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3
Q

What is the clinical definition of chronic bronchitis?

A

Chronic productive cough lasting 3 months over 2 consecutive years

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4
Q

What is the main symptom of chronic bronchitis?

A

Coughing up of massive amounts of mucus

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5
Q

What is the Reid index?

A

The ratio of the thickness of the mucus gland layer to the overall thickness of the wall

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6
Q

What happens to the Reid index in chronic bronchitis?

A

It will increase past 50% - bronchial mucus gland hypertrophy

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7
Q

Will chronic bronchitis patients be cyanotic or not?

A

They will be cyanotic

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8
Q

What does chronic bronchitis increase risk of?

A

Infection and for pulmonale

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9
Q

How does obstruction occur in emphysema?

A

Elastic recoil on the air sacs is lost which will not be able to pull open the the air tubules - they will instead collapse, leading to air trapping

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10
Q

Emphysema

A

Destruction of the alveolar air sacs

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11
Q

Alpha-1 Antitrypsin

A

Anti-elastase enzyme

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12
Q

What type of emphysema occurs with smoking?

A

Centriacinar Emphysema

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13
Q

Centriacinar Emphysema

A

More severe in the upper lobes with centriacinar emphysema

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14
Q

Panacinar Emphysema

A

More common in the lower lobes and is due to alpha-1 antitrypsin

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15
Q

What may occur with panacinar emphysema?

A

Liver Cirrhosis

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16
Q

What is the main mutation for alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency?

A

PiZ - leads to misfolding that causes accumulation in the ER of the cells

17
Q

How will a patient with emphysema be breathing?

A

Breathe with pursed lips

18
Q

What happens to the chest in emphysema patients?

A

Increased AP diameter of the chest - barrel chest

19
Q

What is the equilibrium point of the internal recoil of the lung and external recoil of the chest wall?

A

Functional Residual Capacity

20
Q

What are some complications of emphysema?

A

Hypoxemia

Cor pulmonale

21
Q

Asthma

A

Reversible airway bronchoconstriction - type I hypersensitivity reaction

22
Q

What is the pathogenesis of asthma?

A

Allergens induce Th2 in CD4+ T cells which will secrete IL-4, 5 and 10

23
Q

What is the function of IL-4?

A

Activates IgE

24
Q

What is the function of IL-5?

A

Calls in eosinophils

25
Q

What is the function of IL-10?

A

Inhibits Th1 cells and stimulates Th2 cells

26
Q

What is the clinical features of asthma patients?

A

Shortness of breath

Wheezing

27
Q

What will be seen in the sputum of asthma patients?

A
  • Curschmann Spiral

- Charcot Leyden Crystals

28
Q

What drug can induce asthma?

A

Aspirin

29
Q

Bronchiectasis

A

Permanent dilation of bronchioles and bronchi and loss of the airway tone will result in air trapping

30
Q

What is the pathogenesis of bronchiectasis?

A

Chronic necrotizing inflammation with damage to the airways

31
Q

What conditions are associated with bronchiectasis?

A
  • Cystic Fibrosis
  • Kartagener Syndrome (no cilia to help clear mucus from the lung)
  • Necrotizing Infections
  • Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis (ABPA)
32
Q

What are the clinical features of bronchiectasis?

A

Cough
Shortness of breath
Foul smelling sputum

33
Q

How does a secondary amyloidosis develop in bronchiectasis?

A

Overproduction of SAA which an acute phase reactant due to chronic inflammation and SAA will be converted into AA and this is what will deposit as amyloid