2.1 Acute Inflammation Flashcards
What is the hallmark of acute inflammation?
Edema and the presence of neutrophils
What stimulates acute inflammation?
- Necrosis
- Infection
What is the function of TLRs?
Bind PAMPs and DAMPs and leads to the activation of acute inflammation
What is CD14 and what does it recognize?
It is present on macrophages and is a TLR that recognizes LPS on Gram negative bacteria
What does TLR activation lead to?
Upregulation of NF-kB
What are the cardinal signs of acute inflammation?
- Rubor
- Calor
- Tumor
- Dolor
What is the cause of Rubor?
Due to increased blood flow as a result of vasodilation due to histamine and prostaglandins
What is the cause of Calor?
Due to the increased amount of warm blood flowing into the site of inflammation
What is the cause of Tumor?
It is due to the leakage of fluid from the vessels into the interstitial space
What is the cause of Dolor?
Bradykinin and PGE2 sensitize the sensory nerve endings
How is a fever caused in acute inflammation?
Macrophages release IL-1 and TNF which increases the COX activity and increases the production of PGE2 which will raise the temperature set point.
What is margination?
It is the first step of neutrophil arrival and occurs as vasodilation causes the flow to go through vessels of increased diameter which will have more turbulent flow and cause them to move towards the periphery of the vessels.
What is leukocyte adhesion deficiency?
Defect in integrins that prevent the adhesion of neutrophils
What chemicals cause the the chemotaxis of the neutrophils?
- Bacterial products
- C5a
- IL-8
- LTB4
How is HOCl generated for use by the phagolysosome?
O2 converted to O2- by NADPH oxidase
O2- -> H2O2 by superoxide dismutase
H2O2 -> HOCl by MPO
