12.6 Nephrolithiasis

Question 1

What are some of the risk factors of nephrolithiasis?

Answer 1

• High concentration of solute in urine

- Low urine volume

Question 2

What is the classic presentation of nephrolithiasis?

Answer 2

Colicky pain with hematuria and unilateral flank tenderness

Question 3

What is the most common type of renal stone?

Answer 3

Calcium oxalate or phosphate

Question 4

What is the most common cause of calcium stones?

Answer 4

Idiopathic Hypercalciuria

Question 5

What disease can also present with calcium oxalate stones?

Answer 5

Crohn’s Disease

Question 6

What is the most common cause of ammonium magnesium phosphate stones (struvite)?

Answer 6

Infection with urease positive organisms - Proteus and Klebsiella

Question 7

What type of stone is radiolucent on x-ray?

Answer 7

Uric Acid Stone

Question 8

What are the risk factors for uric acid stones?

Answer 8

• Hot arid climates
• Low urine volume
• Acidic pH

Question 9

What type of stone is alkaline urine a risk factor for?

Answer 9

Ammonium Magnesium Phosphate

Question 10

What type of renal stone is most common in patients with gout?

Answer 10

Uric Acid Stone

Question 11

What are cysteine renal stones associated with?

Answer 11

Cystinuria

Question 12

What is a stag horn calculi in adults indicative of?

Answer 12

Ammonium Magnesium Phosphate Stone

Question 13

What is a stag horn calculi in children indicative of?

Answer 13

Cysteine Stone