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Pathoma > 10.3 Esophagus > Flashcards

10.3 Esophagus Flashcards

1
Q

Tracheoesophageal Fistula

A

Congenital defect that connects the esophagus and the trachea

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2
Q

What is found with the proximal esophagus in TE fistula?

A

Esophageal atresia - blind pouch

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3
Q

What are the 4 clinical features of TE fistula?

A
  • Vomiting
  • Polyhydramnios
  • Abdominal Distension
  • Aspiration
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4
Q

Esophageal Web

A

Thin protrusion of esophageal mucosa in the upper esophagus that presents with dysphagia for poorly chewed food

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5
Q

What is esophageal web associated with?

A

SCC of the esophagus

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6
Q

Plummer-Vinson Syndrome

A

Manifestation of esophageal web with iron deficiency anemia, and beefy red tongue due to atrophic glossitis

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7
Q

Zenker Diverticulum

A

Outpouching of the pharyngeal mucosa through an acquired defect in the muscular wall

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8
Q

Where does Zenker diverticulum generally occur at?

A

Above the UES

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9
Q

How can Zenker diverticulum present?

A

Dysphagia, obstruction and halitosis

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10
Q

Mallory-Weiss Syndrome

A

Longitudinal laceration of the mucosa at the gastroesophageal junction due to severe vomiting (alcohol, bulimia)

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11
Q

Boerhaave Syndrome

A

Rupture of esophagus leading to air in mediastinum and is a transmural tear - EMERGENCY

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12
Q

How does Mallory-Weiss syndrome present?

A

Painful hematemesis

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13
Q

What is the main cause of esophageal varices?

A

Portal HTN

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14
Q

Esophageal Varices

A

Dilated submucosal veins in lower esophagus

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15
Q

What are the clinical signs of esophageal varices?

A

Asymptomatic with risk of rupture with painless hematemesis

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16
Q

What is the most common cause of death in cirrhosis?

A

Esophageal Varices

17
Q

Achalasia

A

Disordered esophageal motility due to inability to relax LES

18
Q

What is there dysphagia for in achalasia?

A

Solids AND liquids

19
Q

What is the cause of achalasia?

A

Damaged ganglion cells in the myenteric plexus - can be idiopathic or secondary to something like Chagas Disease

20
Q

What are the clinical features of achalasia?

A
  • Dysphagia
  • Putrid breath
  • High LES pressure
  • Bird beak sign with barium swallow
21
Q

What are patients with achalasia at increased risk of?

A

Esophageal SCC

22
Q

Gastroesophageal Disease (GERD)

A

Reflux of acid from the stomach due to reduced LES tone

23
Q

What are risk factors of GERD?

A
  • Alcohol
  • Smoking
  • Obesity
  • Caffeine
24
Q

What happens to the esophageal cells in GERD?

A

Metaplasia from non-keratinized stratified squamous cells to non-ciliated columnar cells with goblet cells

25
Q

Sliding Hiatal Hernia

A

Cardia of the stomach slides up into the area of the esophagus - associated with GERD

26
Q

Paraesophageal Hernia

A

Stomach rolls up next to the esophagus - bowel sounds in the lung

27
Q

What are the clinical features of GERD?

A
  • Heartburn
  • Adult onset asthma
  • Damage to enamel of teeth
  • Ulceration of mucosa and submucosa
28
Q

What are the main complications of GERD?

A
  • Strictures

- Barrett’s Esophagus

29
Q

What is the most common esophageal carcinoma in the West?

A

Adenocarcinoma

30
Q

Barrett Esophagus

A

Metaplasia of the lower esophageal mucosa from stratified squamous to non-ciliated columnar with goblet cells

31
Q

What is the main complication of Barrett Esophagus?

A

Adenocarcinoma

32
Q

Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

A

Malignant proliferation of squamous cells and is the most common esophageal cancer worldwide

33
Q

What are the risk factors for esophageal SCC?

A

IRRITATION

  • Alcohol and tobacco
  • Hot tea
  • Achalasia
  • Esophageal web
34
Q

What is the prognosis of esophageal SCC?

A

Poor prognosis as they tend to present late

35
Q

Why would esophageal SCC present with hoarse voice?

A

Affects the recurrent laryngeal nerve

Pathoma (119 decks)

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