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Medicine > Urine Studies > Flashcards

Urine Studies Flashcards

1
Q

urinalysis can be used to diagnose

A

renal or urinary tract disease
monitor renal or urinary tract disease
detect metabolic or systemic disease (DM)

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2
Q

cystocentesis

A

remove fluid from the bladder using a suprapubic catheter

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3
Q

first morning specimen

A

pt. gets specimen first thing in the morning

must use a preservative

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4
Q

random urine specimen

A

obtained during the day w/o pt prior notice

  • drug testing
  • most common
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5
Q

timed urine collection

A

pt collects all urine over a period of 24 hours

  • does not include the first morning void (would include urine produced during the night)
  • proteinuria
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6
Q

urine for culture and sensitivity

A

examines bacteria, sterile, midstream collection, cultured w/in one hour of collection (doesn’t usually happen)
-avoids contamination and cell lysis

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7
Q

cloudy urine indicates

A

presence of WBC, RBC, bacteria

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8
Q

pale yellow to amber urine indicates

A

urochrome (a pigment which is a product of bilirubin metabolism)

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9
Q

red urine indicates

A 
pt is bleeding, dark red (from the kidneys)
bright red (from bladder)
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10
Q

dark yellow urine indicates

A

bilirubin

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11
Q

specific gravity

A

measures kidney’s ability to conc the urine

  • weight is compared to weight of distilled water
  • value is affected by amt of solutes, volume, hydration
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12
Q

low specific gravity indicates

A

diabetes insipidus

chronic renal diseases (diminished conc ability)

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13
Q

renal threshold

A

180mg/dl

point at which kidneys start allowing sugar through

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14
Q

anti-diuretic hormone

A

in posterior pituitary, keeps your body from diuresing (urinating)

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15
Q

high specific gravity indicates

A

DM
excessive water loss (dehydration)
increased secrection of ADH (urine is concentrated)
lots of solute in the urine

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16
Q

urine osmolality

A

number of particles in a unit of solution-correlates w/specific gravity but not the same thing
normal is 50-1200 mOsm/kg

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17
Q

pH

A

normal is 4.6-8.0 (avg is 6.0)

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18
Q

low pH (acidic)

A

acidosis, diet high in cranberries

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19
Q

high pH (basic)

A

some bacteria, UTI

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20
Q

protein

A

no protein should be in the urine
measured negative (-) to 4+
qualitative check

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21
Q

proteinuria indicates

A 
glomerular injury (allows proteins, albumin, to seep into filtrate)
if pos for protein, should f/u with 24 hr specimen
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22
Q

proteinuria indicates also

A

preeclampsia-HTN, edema, proteinuria
eclampsia
diabetes -decreased renal flow
glomerulonephritis

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23
Q

blood

A

measured negative (-) to 4+

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24
Q

hematuria

A

bleeding w/i the urinary tract may be gross or microscopic

25
Q

positive microscopy needs to have

A

3-5 RBC per high power field

26
Q

hematuria indicates

A

cystitis (most common cause of hematuria)
glomerulonephritis
cancer

27
Q

false positive on a heme test could be caused by

A

beets

28
Q

microscopy

A

looking at urine under the microscope

29
Q

glucose

A

normally negative

positive is 100-2000 mg/dl

30
Q

glucose in urine indicates

A

possible diabetes (unless pregnant)

31
Q

ketones in urine

A

normally negative

positive reported as 1+ to 4+

32
Q

ketone (definition)

A

byproduct of fatty acid catabolism
used as energy source when glucose cannot be used
breakdown of muscle

33
Q

ketonuria indicates

A 
poorly controlled DM (insulin resistance)
hyperglycemia
diabetic ketoacidosis
alcoholic ketoacidosis
starvation
high protein diets
34
Q

bilirubin

A

breakdown product of hemoglobin

35
Q

urobilinogen

A

bilirubin that has been transformed by the kidney

-water soluble

36
Q

urobilinogen increase indicates

A

hemolysis

37
Q

leukocyte esterase

A

screens for WBC

38
Q

positive leuk esterase indicates

A

UTI

-may be contaminated by vaginal discharge

39
Q

nitrites

A

gram negative bacteria takes nitrates and turns them into nitrites

40
Q

positive nitrites indicates

A

UTI with a gram negative bacteria

41
Q

microscopic examination can note

A

RBC, WBC, epithelial cells (squamous, renal tubular)

crystals (indicates stone formation) varies w/ dz and pH

42
Q

most common cause of a urinary stone

A

calcium oxalate

43
Q

uric acid crystals

A

crystals in acidic urine indicates gout

44
Q

calcium oxalate

A

crystals in acidic urine composes kidney stones (envelopes)

45
Q

calcium phosphate

A

crystals in alkaline urine

46
Q

lots of epithelial cells indicate

A

contamination from vagina or penis

47
Q

triple phosphate

A

coffin lids a/w stones, chronic cystitis

48
Q

casts

A

formed in DCT
form when overproduction of cells, and conc of Na+, decreased urine flow
cells in the form of whatever area it came out of

49
Q

hyaline cast

A

protein cast

strenuous excercise or dehydration

50
Q

cellular cast

A

abundance of red or white blood cells

51
Q

granular cast

A

cellular or protein material that has been broken down

  • renal disease
  • strenuous excersize
52
Q

fatty cast

A

overproduction of lipids
oval fat bodies
within cellular cast
-nephrotic sydrome

53
Q

waxy cast

A 
cell or hyaline cast that has been present for a long time and has broken down
diminished flow
-long term kidney disease
-diabetic nephropathy
-malignant HTN
54
Q

epithelial cast

A

may be squamous cell or renal tubule

  • renal tubular indicates glomerulonephritis
  • from bladder indicates tumor, infection or polyps
55
Q

WBC cast

A

found in infections

  • pyelonephritis
  • inflammatory nephritis (lupus)
56
Q

RBC cast

A

found in disruption of blood/urine barrier

indicates membrane damage (glomerulonephritis)

57
Q

conjugated bilirubin

A

bilirubin that has passed through the liver and is now water soluble

58
Q

unconjugated bilirubin

A

bilirubin that has not passed through the liver and is fat soluble

59
Q

Tamm-Horsfall protein

A

most common protein that makes up hyaline casts

Medicine (146 decks)

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