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Medicine > Eyes > Flashcards

Eyes Flashcards

1
Q

Palpebral fissure

A

opening between the eyelids (slit)

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2
Q

bulbar conjunctiva

A

mucous membrane that covers the anterior eyeball (on the bulb itself)

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3
Q

limbus

A

where the conjunctiva meets the cornea

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4
Q

palpebral conjunctiva

A

mucous membrane that lines the eyelids (on the eye lid)

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5
Q

adnexa

A

surrounding structure of the eye (not the eye ball)

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6
Q

globe

A

eyeball

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7
Q

iris

A

colored part of the eye

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8
Q

lacrimal gland

A

makes tears sweep across the eye (located lateral and superior to the upper eye lid)

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9
Q

passageway of tears

A 
inferior canaliculus
common canaliculus
nasolacrimal sac
nasolacrimal duct
inferior meatus
inferior concha
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10
Q

cornea

A

clear structure the is in the front of the globe

-responsible for the refracting of light (gross)

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11
Q

conjuctiva

A

layer of epithelial cells straddles globe on either side anteriorly

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12
Q

pupil

A

hole in which light passes through to the retina

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13
Q

lens

A

responsible for the refracting of light (fine tune)

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14
Q

ciliary body

A

muscle that controls stretching of lens according to amoutn of light entering the eye

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15
Q

zonular fibers

A

connect ciliary body to lens

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16
Q

posterior chamber

A

behind iris but in front of the zonular fibers

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17
Q

three layers of the globe

A

schlera-fiborous CT layer-structure
choroid-vascular layer-nutrients waste
retina-rods and cones-visual

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18
Q

optic disc

A

where all optic fibers from the retina collect

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19
Q

optic nerve

A

carries nerve impulses from the eye to the brain

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20
Q

canal of schlem

A

where aqueous humor exits the eye

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21
Q

glaucoma

A

increased intraocular pressure

-can be caused by obstruction of canal of schlem

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22
Q

macula

A

highest concentration of your visual receptors

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23
Q

fovea centralis

A

where there is the most acute vision

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24
Q

ipsilateral side

A

same side

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25
Q

contralateral side

A

opposite side

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26
Q

tumor at the pituitary gland could cause

A

peripheral vision loss

-where the lateral vision crosses over

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27
Q

homonimous hemianopsia

A

disruption of the optic tract on the left or right side

-causes visual disruption of peripheral in one eye and medial in the other

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28
Q

problems in the occipital portion cause

A

quadrant shaped or odd shaped parts of vision

-optic nerves fan out and where the brian interprets the information from the light

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29
Q

rods are responsible for

A

low light vision

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30
Q

cones are responsible for

A

color vision

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31
Q

which direction does neural impulse travel once it hits the retina?

A

back to front (hits the back of the retina and moves forward to the ganglion cells)

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32
Q

CN II

A

optic nerve

  • vision
  • light perception
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33
Q

CN III

A

oculomotor

  • innervates 4 of the 6 extraocular muscles
  • parasympathetic fibers (orbicularis oculii and iris circular fibers)
  • elevation of lid
  • ciliary body (accomodation)
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34
Q

CN IV

A

trochlea

-innervates superior oblique muscle

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35
Q

CN VI

A

abducens

-innervates the lateral rectus muscle

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36
Q

sympathetic fibers innervate

A

iris and levator palpebrae muscle

  • raises eyelid and dialates pupils
  • originate in hypothalamus, go down the neck and back up to the eye
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37
Q

important questions to ask when diagnosing eye problems

A 
gradual/sudden?
changes in your vision?
close/distant?
areas you can't see-fixed or moving?
flashing lights?
double vision (side by side or on top)/blurry?
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38
Q

common eye symptoms

A

pain, redness, tearing/watering, itching, dryness

39
Q

scatoma

A

flashing lights

40
Q

what is the vital sign of the eye?

A

visual acuity

41
Q

OD

A

right eye (dexter)-not used anymore

42
Q

OS

A

left eye (sinister)-not used anymore

43
Q

OU

A

both eyes (uterque)-not used anymore

44
Q

standardized charts used to test visual acuity

A

Snellen chart
Handheld chart
Reading
Shapes/numbers

45
Q

emmetropia

A

normal vision

46
Q

myopia

A

near sighted (eyeball is too long)

47
Q

hyperopia

A

far sighted (eyeball is too short)

48
Q

presbyopia

A

old age vision loss (lens doesn’t change shape as well as it used to, so we lose that fine tuning)
-harder to adjust from long vision to short vision

49
Q

amblyopia

A

visual deficit due to poor ocular deficit

50
Q

astigmatism

A

cornea or lens does to refract reflect light
correctly
-corneal
-lenticular

51
Q

“legal”blindness

A

2200 or worse with correction

52
Q

amaurosis fugax

A

fleeting blindness

-usually related to a vascular problem

53
Q

anterior eye exam includes

A
  1. lids and lashes
  2. nasolacrimal system
    3.
54
Q

what are the functions of the lids and lashes

A

protection of the eye (light, foreign objects)
moistening of the cornea (w/lacrimal apparatus)
-vision is affected by dry eyes

55
Q

canthus

A

angle of the eyelid

-medial, lateral

56
Q

tarsal plates

A

CT that give lids their integrity

57
Q

meibomian glands

A

sebacous glands that produce fluid that goes onto the eye

  • produce antibodies that help fight infections
  • superior to eyelashes
58
Q

zeis glands

A

sebacous glands that produce fluid

-small gland on either side of the superior eyelash

59
Q

what are the functions of the nasolacrimal system?

A

ocular moisture

  • protective
  • vision
  • anti-microbial
60
Q

conjuntival fornix

A

superior and inferior

-crease between the globe and the lid of the eye

61
Q

conjuntivitis

A

inflammation of the conjuntiva

  • most common cause of infectious conjuctivitis is viral
  • usually on one side only
  • acute
62
Q

allergic conjuntivitis

A

differntial

  • clear, watery, mucousy drainage
  • bilateral
  • long term
63
Q

cobblestoning

A

enlargement, proliferation of tissue related to chronic inflammation of tissue as an allergic response

64
Q

bacterial conjuntivitis

A

drainage of pus

-purulant

65
Q

chemosis

A

redenned edemonous conjuntiva

66
Q

subconjunctival hemorrhage

A

increase in intrathoracic pressure

  • coughing
  • vomiting
  • ruptures small vessel between schlera and conjuntiva (causes blood to leak in between two layers)
  • more common with people on blood thinners and elderly
  • recurrent could indicate bleeding issues
67
Q

pterygium

A

triangular overgrowth of conjuctival epithelium

  • more common in people exposed to bright sun and dust, hot environments
  • treatment is not indicated unless they get to big and grow over the pupil
  • usually nasal
68
Q

pinguecula

A

area of nodular or enlarged CT
benign
-usually lateral side
-treatment is usually not indicated

69
Q

ectropion

A

outward turning of the eyelash and sometimes lid

  • usually related to age
  • requires surgical correction
70
Q

entropion

A

inward turning of the lash

  • history of infectious processes
  • genetic variant
  • blephoritis
  • can burn lashes off because of corneal irritation
71
Q

ptosis

A

drooping of the upper lid

-may be age related or nerve issues

72
Q

blepharitis

A

inflammation of the lid

  • redness, flaking, crusting
  • commonly associated with acne rosacea
  • can be infectious
  • chronic occurence is beefy red
73
Q

xanthelasma

A

skin tags (fibrous and fatty) found around the nasal canthous of the eye

  • may be seen in people with elevated triglycerides, but usually it is not specific to the eye)
  • no treatment indicated
74
Q

dacryocystitis

A

inflammation of the nasolacrimal gland

75
Q

orbital cellulitis

A

infection of the bony orbit surrounding the eye

-ocular emergency

76
Q

periorbital cellulitis

A

infection of skin and soft tissue surrounding the eye

77
Q

hordeolum

A

sty-infection of a gland in the lid

  • presents on lid margin
  • tender, irritated
  • hot compress may drain spontaneously
78
Q

chalazion

A

appearance similar to hordeolum but has developed scar tissue

  • chronic problem
  • scarred down lesion
  • surgical correction
79
Q

what is the normal size of the pupil?

A

3-5 mm

80
Q

miosis

A

pupillary constriction

81
Q

mydriasis

A

pupillary dilation

82
Q

anisocoria

A

unequal pupil size

  • found normally in 20% of people
  • benign if <0.5 mm and reaction to light is normal
83
Q

direct reaction

A

when you shine a light on the eye, it constricts

84
Q

consensual reaction

A

when you shine a light in one eye and the other eye constricts also

85
Q

pupillary near reaction

A

pupils contract when you move an object from far to close to try to focus better

86
Q

accommodation

A

adjusting depending on what you are looking at

87
Q

what happens when you look at something far away?

A

pupil dilates

ciliary muscles relax, which pulls ligaments taught and causes lens to get thinner

88
Q

what happens when you look at something close up?

A

pupils contract

ciliary muscle contracts, which relaxes ligaments and makes lens thicker

89
Q

Tonic (Adie’s) pupil

A 
dilated pupil
slow light response
poor accommodation (visual blurring)
usually not associated with any pathological finding
may have deep tendon reflexes
90
Q

what is the normal size of the pupil?

A

3-5 mm

91
Q

Oculomotor paralysis (CN III)

A

pupil is chronically dilated
deviated eyes
usually only one eye

91
Q

Argyll Robertson pupil

A

small irregular pupils
good accommodation
do not react ot light
seen in CNS tertiary syphilis

91
Q

Horner’s syndrome

A 
interruption of sympathetic fibers to the eye
presents with
-ptosis
-miosis
-anhydrosis
91
Q

anhydrosis

A

lack of sweating

Medicine (146 decks)

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