Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Medicine > Tumor Markers > Flashcards

Tumor Markers Flashcards

1
Q

what is a tumor?

A

abnormal growth of cells (benign or malignant)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are environmental contributors of tumors?

A 
tobacco (1a or 2a)
benzene
excess EtOH
dietary (charred meat)
poisonous mushrooms
excessive sun exposure
genetics
obesity
radiation
HPV, HIV, Hepatitis B
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the major factors that affect cancer?

A

location of origin
cell type
stage at diagnosis
resection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is a tumor marker?

A

blood or urine test that is used to diagnose a malignancy, monitor recurrence, monitor treatment or screening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

AFP

A

alpha-feta protein

-glycoprotein produced by fetal liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

when is the AFP elevated?

A

pregnancy
HCC (hepatocellular carcinoma)
gonadal cancers
gastric cancer and others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the diagnostic level of AFP if the pt is at a high risk for HCC?

A

serum levels of >500 mcg/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the normal levels of AFP?

A

0-8 ng/mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

HCC is normally seen in what type of pt?

A

cirrhosis, chronic liver disease, hepatitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the symptoms of HCC?

A 
vague abdominal pain
unexplained weight loss
elevated LFT
feel a mass
early satiety (full to easy)
obstructive jaundice
hepatomegaly
ascites (fluid leaking out of the liver)
paraneoplastic syndrome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

hypercalcemia of malignancy

A

common in cancer patients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

testicular cancers

A

germ cell tumors

-one of the most curable solid neoplasms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

seminoma

A

most common type of testicular cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

nonseminoma

A

less common type of testicular cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the current 5 yr survival rate of testicular cancer

A

> 95%

  • mostly they present as stage 1
  • use of platinum based combination chemotherapy
  • highly sensitive tumor markers to detect residual tumor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

when is LDH used?

A

as a tumor marker for melanoma, lymphoma, leukemia, testicular cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

which tumor markers should be elevated in nonseminoma germ cell tumors

A

AFP and or beta hCG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

NSGCT

A

non-seminomal germ cell tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

when would you use AFP?

A

monitoring response to treatment or as a screening tool for high risk patients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

when would you use beta hCG

A

follow treatment because the tumor will produce it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what does LDH stand for?

A

lactate dehydrogenase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

why would LDH increase

A

increased cell turnover in malignancies, which is why the LDH will rise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

melanoma

A

bad dog, five year survival rate depends on stage of disease at the time of diagnosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are considered the “major” features

A

change in size
change in color
change in shape

25
Q

what are considered the “minor” features

A

inflammation
bleeding or crusting
sensory change
lesion diameter

26
Q

which tumor marker do you use with melanoma?

A

LDH

27
Q

what tests will you do with melanoma?

A

CBC
serum LDH
chest xray for baseline (melanoma loves to met to the lungs)
CMP

28
Q

what are the main four classes of lymphoma

A

ALL, CLL, AML, CML

lymphoblastic or myeloblastic

29
Q

when are most blood cancers detected?

A

stage III or stage IV

30
Q

what is the prognosis with acute leukemias?

A

AML, ALL

rapidly fatal if untreated

31
Q

what is the prognosis for chronic leukemias

A

CML, CLL

may survive for years with modest treatment

32
Q

NHL

A

non-Hodgkin lymphoma

33
Q

classifications of lymphomas

A

Hodgkin or non

B-cells or T-cells

34
Q

CEA

A

carcinoembrionic antigen (0-3 ng/mL)

35
Q

what is CEA?

A

oncofetal protein that is elevated in the serum of pts with a variety of cancers including CRC (colorectal cancer)

36
Q

why is CEA not a good screening marker?

A

it can be elevated in a lot of other things as well, smoker, UC, gastritis, peptic ulcer, diverticulitis

37
Q

why would you use CEA?

A

established colon cancer

  • CEA should return to baseline after complete resection (tumor would be present if it doesn’t)
  • make sure they are not on chemo (can irritate GI and cause CEA to be falsely high)
38
Q

CA 19-9

A 
tumor marker related to the pancreatic hepatobiliary (very sensitive and specific)
used to diagnose
pancreatic cancer 
cholangiocarcinoma
-bile duct
-gall bladder cancer
39
Q

what is the best mode of action for pancreatic cancer?

A

surgical resection is the only potential curative treatment

40
Q

what are the tumor markers for breast cancer?

A

CA 15-3

CA 27-29

41
Q

invasive breast cancer

A

not sure

42
Q

in situ breast cancer

A

not sure

43
Q

when would you use CA 15-3 and CA 27-29

A

follow pts with previous occurrence of br CA

  • more useful in metastatic disease rather than screening
  • if it goes up, I am wanting to follow it
44
Q

CA 125

A

ovarian cancer tumor marker

  • early stage 50% show elevation
  • late stage 80% show elevation
45
Q

when are most ovarian cancers discovered?

A

stage III

46
Q

CA 125 can also be elevated in

A

other issues that have to do with the gut

47
Q

PSA (prostate specific antigen)

A

may be used for screening*
glycoprotein expressed by both normal and neoplastic prostate tissue
-consistently expressed in nearly all prostate cancers

48
Q

normal range of PSA

A

<4 ng/mL

49
Q

PSA range can change according to

A

age (prostate size increases with age)

50
Q

what can influence prognosis?

A

ethnicity (AAM may have more aggressive, diagnosed later, asian men have few and WM have lower “normal” range of PSA)

51
Q

what are markers for carcinoid tumor?

A

5HIAA
Seratonin
Chromagranin A (byproducts that the tumor produces)

52
Q

where are carcinoid tumors most common

A

GI, lung

53
Q

what type of test is 5HIAA

A

urine

54
Q

carcinoid tumor

A

tumor itself

55
Q

carcinoid syndrome

A

constellation of symptoms that may continue even after resection

56
Q

what is the normal value for SPEP?

A

not observed

57
Q

SPEP

A

used to specifically look for an abnormal protein (monoclonal protein)
-used to diagnose multiple myeloma (cancer of the bone marrow)

58
Q

multiple myeloma

A

body makes abnormal plasma cells that go out into the blood

Medicine (146 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions