Endocrinology

Question 1

what happens to receptors when there is too much hormone?

Answer 1

down regulation, pulls in receptors and degrades them

Question 2

what happens to receptors when there is too little hormone?

Answer 2

up regulation, make more receptors

Question 3

what happens to receptors to desensitize them?

Answer 3

adds a phosphate to decrease or reduce the function

Question 4

which hypothalamic nucleus forms ADH?

Answer 4

supraoptic

Question 5

which hypothalamic nucleus forms oxytocin?

Answer 5

paraventricular

Question 6

what is the neurohypophysis?

Answer 6

posterior pituitary gland

Question 7

where are the “releasing hormones” made?

Answer 7

ventral hypothalamus

Question 8

where is one place where hormones don’t travel a long distance?

Answer 8

hypothalamic-pituitary system

Question 9

what is the infundibulum?

Answer 9

stalk that connects hypothalamus to pituitary

Question 10

what is significant about the pars nervosa (post. pit)?

Answer 10

contains axons

Question 11

what are the two target tissues of oxytocin?

Answer 11

uterus (contraction during labor)

milk let down

Question 12

what are the target tissues of ADH?

Answer 12

kidneys (retain water-principle cell)
sweat glands (decreases water loss)
arterioles (contracts to increase blood pressure)

Question 13

what can cause decreases secretion of ADH?

Answer 13

alcohol

Question 14

what can cause increased secretion of ADH?

Answer 14

diabetes insipidus

Question 15

what is the adenohypophysis?

Answer 15

anterior pituitary

Question 16

what is the precursor of the anterior pituitary?

Answer 16

Rathke’s pouch from the oral mucosa

Question 17

is there a direct connection between ant pit and hypothalamus?

Answer 17

no, releasing hormones travel through blood

Question 18

what is the pro hormone?

Answer 18

pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)

Question 19

what is POMC the precursor for?

Answer 19

ACTH
MSH
enkephalin and endorphin

Question 20

which cells produce thyroid hormone?

Answer 20

follicular cells

Question 21

what is present in a thyroid follicle?

Answer 21

colloid (contains tyrosine)

Question 22

what is the pathway of T3/T4?

Answer 22

TRH - TSH - T3, T4

hypo - A. pit - thyroid gland

Question 23

what nutrient is required to form thyroid hormone?

Answer 23

iodide

Question 24

what is iodide trapping?

Answer 24

moving iodide across follicular cell into colloid with Na where it is trapped because it is so large

Question 25

where is thyroglobulin formed?

Answer 25

follicular cell

Question 26

where is thyroid hormone formed?

Answer 26

follicular cells and then transported into the blood

Question 27

where is thyroxine binding globulin present?

Answer 27

in the blood

Question 28

what does thyroglobulin do?

Answer 28

transports tyrosine into the follicular cell and uses iodine to form T3 and T4

Question 29

what is the calorigenic effect?

Answer 29

body processes produce heat

Question 30

which hormone does T3 have a potentiating affect on?

Answer 30

catecholamine

Question 31

which receptors are up regulated by T3?

Answer 31

beta adenergic receptors

Question 32

what system does thyroid hormone influence during growth and development?

Answer 32

nervous system

Question 33

what is cretinism?

Answer 33

hypothyroidism in fetal and infant development causes developmental issues and mental retardation

Question 34

what is weird about Grave’s dz?

Answer 34

antibodies against TSH ramp up production of T3/T4

Question 35

how do you treat Grave’s dz?

Answer 35

remove or ablate thyroid and do hormone replacement for the life

Question 36

what situation is cortisol good for?

Answer 36

stress situation
-increase blood glucose
-increase blood pressure
natural anti-inflammatory