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Medicine > Bone Tissue > Flashcards

Bone Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Function of bone tissue

A 
support
protect
movement
mineral homeostasis (Ca and P)
blood cell production (red bone marrow)
stores triglyceride (yellow bone marrow)
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2
Q

metaphysis

A

epiphysial plate (where diaphysis meets epiphysis)

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3
Q

medullary cavity

A

where yellow marrow is located (adipocyte generation)

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4
Q

embolus

A

a thing floating through the blood stream that shouldn’t be there causes a clot (PE)
-fat embolus can occur after fraction of a long bone that contains lots of fatty tissue

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5
Q

articulate cartilage

A

contains hyaline cartilage

-long healing due to lack of blood flow

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6
Q

periosteum

A

CT surrounding bone

  • outer layer has dense irregular CT
  • inner osteogenic layer for growth in thickness
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7
Q

appositional growth

A

growth in thickness of bone

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8
Q

sharpey’s fibers

A

think bundles of collagen that attach periosteum to underlying bone

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9
Q

endosteum

A

thin membrane lining medullary cavity (surrounds inner membrane)
-where bone forming cells are located

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10
Q

matrix of bone cell contains

A

15% water
30 % collagen
55% crystallized mineral (Calcium phosphate and crystals of hydrozyapatite)

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11
Q

hydrozyapaptite

A

combination of calcium phosphate and hydroxide

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12
Q

minerals contained in the bone tissue

A 
calcium carbonate
magnesium
fluoride
potassium
sulfate
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13
Q

hardness of bone depends on

A

amount of mineralized salts

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14
Q

flexibility of bone depends on

A

amount of collagen

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15
Q

osteoclast derives from

A

monocyte (many come together-50)
used to reabsorb bone tissues
-primarily in endosteum

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16
Q

osteogenic cell

A

unspecialized stem cell derived from mesenchyme,

  • daughter cells are osteoblasts
  • located in periosteum, endosteum and blood vessel canals within bone
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17
Q

osteoblasts

A

secrete collagen and matrix

initiate process of calcification

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18
Q

osteoid

A

matrix of bone tissue

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19
Q

osteocyte

A

so named when osteoblast has matured and it maintains current environment

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20
Q

osteon

A

haversion systems-repeating unit of compact bone

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21
Q

lamellae

A

rings surrounding Haversian canal

  • concentric (surrounding canal)
  • outer circumferential (outer layer of whole thing)
  • interstitial (in between concentric lamellae)
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22
Q

lacunae

A

spaces between concentric lamellae contain cell body of osteocytes

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23
Q

caniliculi

A

radiate in all directions from lacunae

-contain extracellular fluid

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24
Q

how do osteocytes communicate?

A

gap junctions

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25
Q

Volkman canals

A

connect central Haversian canals

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26
Q

trabeculae

A

found in spongy bone
consists of concentric lamellae and osteocytes in lacunae
have no central canals

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27
Q

where is spongy bone located?

A

interior of flat bones
short bones
irregular bones
sesamoid bones

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28
Q

what does spongy bone contain?

A

red bone marrow

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29
Q

which bone gets weakened first in osteoporosis

A

spongy bone

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30
Q

diploe

A

spongy bone sandwiched between layers of compact bone

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31
Q

trabeculae is organized so that it

A

resists stress without breaking

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32
Q

final arrangement of bone is finalized when

A

child is upright and walking

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33
Q

where is red bone marrow located in adults?

A 
hip bones (pelvis)
ribs
sternum
vertebrae
proximal ends of humerus and femur
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34
Q

bone scan is read by looking at

A

hot and cold spots

  • hot spots indicate metabolisms that absorb more tracers (cancer, healing fractures, abnormal bone growth)
  • cold areas indicate decreased metabolism (weak area of bone, degenerative disease, decalcified bone, Paget’s disease, rheumatoid arthritis)
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35
Q

ossification or osteogenesis

A

bone formation process used during infancy, childhood and adolescence throughout life and when repairing a fracture

36
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

bones form within mesenchyme which is arranged in sheetlike membranes

37
Q

endochondral

A

bones form within hyaline cartilage that develops from mesenchyme (replacing cartilage with bone)

38
Q

bones that use intramembranous ossification to form are

A 
flat bones of skull
facial bones
mandible
medial portion of clavicle
closing fontanelles of babies
39
Q

interstitial growth

A

cells begin to separate from their neighbors in the example of chondrocytes

40
Q

hyaline cartilage is laid down by

A

chondroblast

41
Q

secondary ossification sites don’t start working in infants until

A

after birth

42
Q

in long bones, you would find hyaline cartilage

A

along epiphysial plates AND

at articular cartilage areas

43
Q

perichondrium

A

precursor to the periosteum

44
Q

vertical long bone growth stops at

A

puberty

45
Q

zone of resting cartilage

A

place holder cartilage
does not play an active role in bone growth
(closest to epiphysis)

46
Q

zone of proliferating cartilage

A

slightly larger chondrocytes and arranged like stacks of coins, they secrete matrix and they undergo interstitial growth

47
Q

zone of hypertrophied cartilage

A

large, mature chondrocytes arranged in columns

48
Q

zone of calcified cartilage

A

a few cells thick and contains dead chondrocytes that are surrounded by calcified matrix (closest to the diaphysis)

49
Q

fractures through epiphyseal plate in childhood can result in

A

unequal bone lengths

especially in lower extremities

50
Q

appositional growth

A

making bones grow thicker

creation of new osteons making periosteal cells differentiate into osteoblasts

51
Q

at any given time how much bone mass is being remodeled?

A

5%

52
Q

renewal rate of compact bone

A

4% per year

53
Q

renewal rate of spongy bone

A

20%

54
Q

pathological fracture

A

when minor trauma or nothing causes a fracture (bone tumor, osteoporosis)

55
Q

sequence of physiological growth of babies

A

1, neurological

  1. weight bearing (muscles)
  2. standing upright
56
Q

contour/shaping of bones influenced by

A

muscles

57
Q

spasticity

A

rigidity in the muscle (resist passive movement)

58
Q

inability to walk

A

will cause problems with bone density, correct contour of bone)

59
Q

osteoporosis

A

breakdown of bone occurs faster than making new bone

60
Q

Rickets

A

Vitamin D deficiency in children

61
Q

osteomalacia

A

vitamin D deficiency in adults

62
Q

excess bone tissue

A

bone spurs (heals mostly)

63
Q

Paget’s disease

A

excessive proliferation of osteoclasts (too much spongy bone compared to compact bone)

  • pathologic fracture
  • deformity
64
Q

function of vitamin A in bone

A

stimulates osteoblasts

65
Q

function of vitamin C in bone

A

synthesis of collagen

66
Q

function of vitamin K and B12 in bone

A

synthesis of bone proteins

67
Q

function of vitamin D in bone

A

calcium absorption in the gut

68
Q

insulin like growth factor (IGFs)

A 
produced by liver and bone tissue
HGH pathway (human growth hormone)-anterior pituitary
69
Q

function of thyroid hormones in bone

A

affects bone growth

70
Q

function of insulin in bone

A

helps build bone (anabolic)

71
Q

function of sex hormone in bone

A

estrogen has protective affect in bone

puberty helps to grow bone

72
Q

open (compound) fracture

A

penetrated the skin

73
Q

greenstick fracture

A

torsion fracture (hair line fracture)

74
Q

impacted (compression) fracture

A

pieces pushed together

common in vertebrae of old ladies

75
Q

Pott’s fracture

A

ankle fracture

76
Q

Colle’s fracture

A

wrist fracture

77
Q

comminuted fracture

A

does not break through the skin, but breaks into 3 or more pieces

78
Q

4 stages of bone fracture repair

A
  1. a hematoma forms
  2. fibrocartilaginous callus forms
  3. bony callus forms
  4. bone remodeling occurs
79
Q

ORIF

A

open reduction internal fixation (realigns and places hardware to allow bone to heal correctly)

80
Q

closed reduction

A

resetting bone without surgery

81
Q

open reduction

A

resetting bone with surgery

82
Q

osteogenic sarcoma

A

common in kids (lower femur or upper tibial)

83
Q

normal serum Calcium level

A

9-11 mg/dl

84
Q

high serum calcium could cause

A

cardiac arrest

85
Q

low serum calcium could cause

A

respiratory arrest

86
Q

places where PTH acts when it is called on by the PT

A

osteoclasts in bone
gut to absorb calcium from food
kidney to promote vitamin D which promotes calcium absorption from the gut

Medicine (146 decks)

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