Cardiovascular Exam 2 Flashcards
CAD
coronary artery disease
HF
heart failure
NCEP
national cholesterol education program (gives evidence-based guidelines of risk for CAD)
what is the fasting recommendation for LDL draw?
9-12 hours
what is a good total cholesterol?
<200 mg/dL
what is a borderline high total cholesterol?
200-239
what is a high total cholesterol?
> 240
what are the CHD risk equivalents?
DM (controlled or uncontrolled) PVD (build up of plaque in the legs) AAA Carotid artery disease 10 yr risk of more than 20% (as good as having a positive finding on an angiogram)
what is a low value of HDL?
<40
what is a high value of HDL?
> 60
PND?
paroxsymal nocturnal dyspnea
-fluid covering over the lungs that accumulates overnight causes the pt to wake up SOB and get up quickly
why does orthopnea happen?
when they lay down, fluid covers their lungs and they can’t breathe
paroxsymal
comes and goes
what typically aggravates cardiac disease?
exertion
-increase oxygen demand of the heart
what alleviates cardiac pain?
resting
aspirin
what is the difference between ischemia and infarction?
ischemia is transient and the heart is not getting oxygen (partial block of an area)
infarction means dead tissue
what happens during edema related to cardiac issues?
heart is not dealing with fluid appropriately and the excess fluid goes into the interstitial spaces
press your finger in and the dent stays
pitting edema
dependent edema
extremities that are most affected by gravity
what is hyperlipidemia?
elevated cholesterol
precordium
areas where you listen over the chest
what factors determine venous pressure?
blood volume
RH function-first place where blood enters the heart
LV output
(they are generally flat and can’t be seen)
JVD (jugular venous distention) may indicate
potential increase in RA pressure
problem with the heart (back up in the heart, which backs up into the venous structures)
increased blood volume is a normal finding in
pregnancy
what is the leading cause of R sided heart failure?
L sided heart failure
what are some causes of R heart problems?
pericarditis cardiac tamponade RV hypertrophy obstruction of any kind tricuspid stenosis
what causes flattened neck veins?
hypovolemia
what is the first sign of left sided HF?
dyspnea
fluid backs up into the lungs
what is the first sign of R sided HF?
pedal edema
fluid backs up into the body
which JV is the most lateral?
external JV
what differentiates the carotid from the jugular?
pulsations
carotid is more bump/bump
jugular is more undulating
