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Medicine > Skeletal Muscles > Flashcards

Skeletal Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

which muscles can regenerate?

A

smooth (uterus)

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2
Q

which muscles cannot regenerate easily?

A

skeletal

cardiac

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3
Q

what do the intercalated discs represent?

A

where one cardiac cell joins with another

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4
Q

which type of muscle is most prominent?

A

smooth muscle

skin, uterogenital, etc, etc

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5
Q

endomysium

A

wrapping that surrounds a single muscle fiber

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6
Q

perimysium

A

wrapping that surrounds a fascicle (bundle of single muscle fibers)

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7
Q

epimysium

A

wrapping that surrounds an entire muscle

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8
Q

thick filament

A

myosin

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9
Q

thin filament

A

actin (globular actin)
tropomyosin
troponin

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10
Q

dark band

A

A- band
(anisotropic)
-thick and thin filament

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11
Q

light band

A

I-band
(isotropic)
-only thin filament

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12
Q

which type of fiber moves during muscle contraction?

A

thin filament

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13
Q

why is the z-line so important?

A

distance between z to z gets shorter when contraction takes place

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14
Q

sarcomere

A

from z-to-z

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15
Q

titin

A

muscle protein that is attached to the thick filament in the sarcomere (helps recoil)

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16
Q

what does the H zone contain?

A

only myosin (no thin filament)

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17
Q

which band disappears when muscle contracts

A

I-band

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18
Q

where is Ca stored in the skeletal muscle fiber?

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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19
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

modified smooth ER inside muscle cells

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20
Q

sarcolema

A

plasma membrane of muscle cell

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21
Q

transverse tubules (t-tubules)

A

go into the muscle cells from outside to in

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22
Q

what are the three subunits of troponin?

A 
troponin C (binds to calcium)
troponin T (binds to tropomyosin)
troponin I
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23
Q

what kind of tissue is epimysium?

A

dense irregular CT

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24
Q

what kind of tissue is perimysium?

A

dense irregular CT

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25
Q

what kind of tissue is endomysium?

A

loose areolar

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26
Q

fascia

A

supports and surrounds entire organs and muscles

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27
Q

superficial fascia

A

separates muscle from skin

loose areolar CT

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28
Q

deep fascia

A

holds muscles with similar functions together

dense irregular CT

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29
Q

compartment syndrome

A

muscle swells, but fascia does not give, which occludes blood supply because of pressure on tissues

  • treatment is fasciotomy
  • swelling peaks 48-72 hours after trauma
30
Q

aponeurosis

A

broad, sheath-like tendon

31
Q

what does the m-line contain?

A

thick filament with protein

32
Q

what are the structural proteins in muscle?

A 
actin, 
myopsin, 
dystrophin, attaches to myofibrils and the other end is attached to plasma membrane (anchors myofibrils) 
titin, 
myomesin
33
Q

muscular dystrophy

A

duchennes-x-linked recessive
-genetic defect where dystrophin is abnormal, architecture of the muscle is out of wack and muscle fibers degrade and normal muscles turn into adipose tissue

34
Q

myoglobin

A

cell that carries oxygen to the muscles (supposed to be inside the cell)

35
Q

who is the primary intracellular cation?

A

potassium (K+)

36
Q

rabdomyolosis

A

breakdown of muscle fibers that leads to myoglobin in blood which is toxic to kidneys and can cause kidney damage

  • trauma
  • overexcersion
37
Q

sudden surge of potassium from muscle cells can cause

A

stopping of heart

renal failure

38
Q

glycogen

A

storage form for glucose

-stored in skeletal muscle and liver

39
Q

which type of filament is more prominent in muscle?

A

thin filament

40
Q

what type of design does thin filament make around thick filament?

A

hexagonal

41
Q

concentric

A

contraction with shortening

42
Q

isometric

A

contraction without shortening

43
Q

eccentric

A

contraction with lengthening

44
Q

how do the ends of muscles move?

A

one end stays stationary while the other end shortens

45
Q

what are the two binding sites on myosin?

A
  1. thin filament

2. ATP

46
Q

what happens during the resting state?

A

concentration of cytoplasmic calcium is low (stored in sarcoplasmic reticulum)
myosin are in an energized state

47
Q

allosteric modification

A

adjacent binding sites modify the affinity of binding in other sites
(when ATP binds to myosin head, it decreases affinity to bind to tropomyosin site)

48
Q

excitation-contraction coupling

A

sarcolemma of the muscle fibers leads to cross-bridge formation and contraction

49
Q

what type of leakage channels does sarcolemma have?

A

Na+ (goes out) and K+(has more of these) (goes in)

50
Q

what established gradient of Na and K

A

sodium potassium pump

51
Q

what is the resting membrane potential?

A

-70mV

52
Q

action potential completes before what?

A

contraction

53
Q

what is the threshold?

A

-55mV

54
Q

what is the maximum gradient of an AP?

A

+30mV

55
Q

what is the triad?

A

t-tubule is connected to sarc. reticulum on either side

56
Q

what is the foot protein involved in calcium release?

A

ryanodine receptor (forms a calcium channel)

57
Q

what is responsible for returning calcium to the SR?

A

calcium-ATPases

58
Q

motor end plate

A

area that is modified in the skeletal muscle that has the receptor for the nerve transmitters
-contains envagination called junction folds

59
Q

motor neuron terminal

A

contains acetylcoline

60
Q

motor unit

A

single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

61
Q

somatic motor (efferent) neurons

A

cell bodies in brain and ventral gray matter of spinal cord
largest diameter axons in body
myelinated

62
Q

nicotinic receptors

A

cholinergic receptors at the motor end plate

63
Q

cholinergic receptors come in two types

A

nicotinic receptors

muscurinic receptors

64
Q

what ions are allowed to flow when an acetylcholine comes through the motor end plate?

A

Na and K

65
Q

what clears out acetylcholine?

A

acetylcholinesterase

66
Q

acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

A

used for Alzheimers medicines

-may slow illness slightly, but does not do much else

67
Q

IPSP

A

inhibitory post synaptic potential

68
Q

what types of ion channels are present in sarcolemma and along axons of neurons

A

individual voltage gated sodium and potassium channels

69
Q

curare

A

binds to nicotinic receptor but does not open Na channels

  • is not degraded
  • muscle paralysis including respiratory muscles
70
Q

gallamine

A

similar to curare

used to induce muscle paralysis during surgery when the airway is controlled

71
Q

organophosphates

A

insecticides and nerve cases
inhibits acetylcholinesterase
-maintain depolarization
-receptors become insensitive

72
Q

botox

A

prevents vesicular fusion needed to acetylcholine release from motor neuron synaptic end bulb

Medicine (146 decks)

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