Research Methods : Sampling

Question 1

population

Answer 1

large group of people researcher intersted in studying e.g women in thirties

Question 2

why is population aka target population

Answer 2

subset of general pop

Question 3

why is it impossible to include all memebers of target populaiton

Answer 3

economical and practical reasons

Question 4

as its not economci and practical to include all members of TP what do r do

Answer 4

selects sample

Question 5

ideally sample drawn is

Answer 5

Representative of the target population

Question 6

why ideally is sample drawn representative of the target population

Answer 6

generalisation of findings becoming practical

Question 7

why is it difficult to represent populations in any sample

Answer 7

inevitably diverse nature of pop of people e.g gender , age .life experiences

Question 8

inevitability vast of samples include

Answer 8

degree of bias

Question 9

samples are selected using

Answer 9

sampling technique

Question 10

sampling techs aim to produce

Answer 10

a representative sample

Question 11

random sample

Answer 11

all mems of TP have equal chance of being selected

Question 12

outline steps of getting a random sample

Answer 12

get list of all names of TP

assing names a number

actual sample selected using lottery method . e.g picking #out of hat

Question 13

Systematic sample

Answer 13

every nth mem of TP selected

Question 14

give example of systematic sampling

Answer 14

every 5th student in a class

Question 15

sampling frame

Answer 15

list of people in TP organised e.g alphabetical

Question 16

how do you do systematic sampling

Answer 16

establish sampling frame

nominate sampling sustem (e.g every 6th person)

begin from randomly determined start

work through sampling frame till complete

Question 17

why do you begin from a randomly detrmined start

Answer 17

reduce bias

Question 18

stratified sampling

Answer 18

composition of sample reflects proportions of people in certain subgroups in TP / Wider population

Question 19

outline how to carry out startified sampling

Answer 19

identify diff starta that make up population

proportions for sample to be representative worked out

pt make up each starta selected through random sampling

Question 20

opportunity sampling

Answer 20

researcher select anyone willing and available (opportunity sample )

Question 21

Why would you use opportunity sampple

Answer 21

representative samples of TM difficult to obtain

Question 22

t/f researcher taking whoever available at the time on street for a study is OS

Answer 22

T

Question 23

Volunteer sample

Answer 23

pt selecting themselves to be pt of a sample

Question 24

volunteer sample aka

Answer 24

self - selection

Question 25

how could you select volunteer sample

Answer 25

researcher places ad in a newspaper

pt raise hand when researcher asks

Question 26

-ve of all samples

Answer 26

pt may refuse to take part meainng you end up more like a vol samp

Question 27

+ve of rando sampling (bias)

Answer 27

potentially unbiased so C/EV equally divided between different groups

enhancing IV

Question 28

-VE or rando sampling (time)

Answer 28

difficult
time consuming to conduct

complete list of tp - may be difficult to obtain

Question 29

in terms of random sampling even though unbiased you may still

laws of prob suggest

but still possible

Answer 29

end up with unrepresentative sample

laws of probability suggest random sampling likely to produce more representative sample than op sample

but still possible random methods select 20 female psych teachers from lancashire called joyce

Question 30

strenght of systematic sample - objectivity

once system for selection been est …

Answer 30

its obejctive

once system for selection been established researcher has no influence over who’s chosen - even more the case if start is randomly selected)

Question 31

limitation of systematicv sampling 2 ish

tiktok

Answer 31

time consuming (like random)

in the end pt may refuse to take part resulting in a voluntter sample

Question 32

strenght of startified sample - reoresentaiton

Answer 32

produces representative sample as designed to accuraltey reflect composition of population therefore generalisation of findigns becomes more possible

Question 33

limitation of stratified sample- perfection

Answer 33

not perfect cuz

identified strata cannot reflect all the ways people are different so compelte represetnation of target population isn’t possible

(therfore coplete generalisation not possible)

Question 34

strenht opp sample - c

Answer 34

convenient , much less csotly int erms of time and money than e,g random samplign , as list of members of target population not required

and theres no need to divide population into diff strata like stratified sampling

Question 35

negative opp sampele - 2 forms of bias

Answer 35

sample unrepresentaitve of target population as its drawn from a very sepcific area e.g one street in one town
therfore findings cant be genralsied to target population

researcher has complete control over selection of pt and may show researcerh bias by avoiding people they dont liek look of or choosing people they do

Question 36

strengths volunteer sampel - ease

enage

Answer 36

its easy as requires minimal input from researcher (as tehy come to you)so less time consumiing than other forms of sampling

researcher ends up with pt whore more engaged , more so than someone stopped in street

Question 37

why is volunteer bias a problem

Answer 37

asking for volunteers may attract a certain profile of person e.g more curious and liekly to try please

e sample may be biased as the type of student who volunteers may have
differing traits to the general population, for example they may be more extrover
not necessarily reflect the population
therfore results of study not generalisable to wider pop