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Psychology A-level > Biological Approach > Flashcards

Biological Approach Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the main assumption of the biological approach

A

Everything psychological is at first biological

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2
Q

ASMPTN-What does the biological approach investigation

A

how biological processes and structures within the body impact behaviour

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3
Q

ASMPTN - What does the biological approach believe about much of human behaviour

has an x cause whihc may be xxx

A

has a physiological cause

which

may be genetically/environmentally altered

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4
Q

ASMPTN -What does the biological approach say about genes

A

genes affet behaviour

and

influence individual psychological difference between people

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5
Q

AS- what does evolutionary psychology consider

x influences in x x

A

genetic influences in common behaviours

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6
Q

ASMPTN - what does 3 things does the biological approach think psychologists should study

A

brain

NS

and other biological systems e.g chemicals ,hormones acting on the brain

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7
Q

What is another key assumption of the BA about brian

A

Mind lives in the brain

so all thoughts , feelings and behaviours

ultimatley have a physical basis

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8
Q

How does -

Mind lives in the brain so all thoughts , feelings and behaviours ultimatley have a physical basis -

contrast to the cognitive approach

A

cog approach sees mental processes of the mind

as being seperate from the physical brain

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9
Q

GBOB - what are psychologists intersted in determining and trying to find evidence for

extent to which….
e.g
are a product of x or x x

A

extent to which certain behaviours or qcharacteristics

e.g intelligence

are a product of inheritance(genes) or environmental influences

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10
Q

GBOB- define genotype

A

particular set of genes a person possesses

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11
Q

GBOB- define phenotype

A

observable characteristics of an individual

determined by genes and the interaction of this with the environment

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12
Q

GBOB- define genes

A

basic units of heredity

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13
Q

GBOB-What provides the basis for genetic variability

genes function in …
certain type of process of genes from xx provides basis for ..

A

genes function in pairs

recombo genes from parents to offspring provides the basis for genetic variability

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14
Q

GBOB-What is an individuals phenotype determined by

A

Genotype

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15
Q

GBOB-Where can evidence for whether psychological characteristics e.g intelligence are inheried in the same way height/eye colout are

A

family studies
twin studies
adoption studies

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16
Q

GBOB-What has research shown about the environment in relation to genes

A

enviro can play a bigger role in determining behaviour than genetics

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17
Q

GBOB- What have selective breeding studies shown:

how a # of x x can have a xxx

A

how a number of behaviour characteristics e.g aggresion can have a genetic basis/bias

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18
Q

ASMPTN - what 2 biological things must we fully look at to understand human behaviour

A

biological structures and processes within the body to understand human behaviour

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19
Q

EVOLUTION AND BEHAVIOUR - define evolution

A

changes
inherited characteristics
in a biological population
over succesive generations

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20
Q

EVOLUTION AND BEHAVIOUR - whats fancy about genes in evolution

A

genes are mechanisms in which evolution takes place

21
Q

EVOLUTION AND BEHAVIOUR - what are the two main concepts

A

natural selection

sexual selection

22
Q

EVOLUTION AND BEHAVIOUR - define natural selection

A

animals w particular traits: provide an evolutionary advantage

survive

pass traits from gen to gen whilst others which don’t die out

23
Q

INFLUENCE OF GENES/TWIN STUDIES - what are twin studies used for

A

investigate whether certain psychological characteristics have a genetic basis

24
Q

INFLUENCE OF GENES/TWIN STUDIES genetic basis of behviour - how are twin studies investigated

A

analysing concordance rates

25
Q

INFLUENCE OF GENES/TWIN STUDIES - what are concordance rates

A

extent which twins share same characteristics (degree of similarity)

26
Q

INFLUENCE OF GENES/TWIN STUDIES - Define monozygtic

A

2wins formed when fertilised cell splits into 2 + forms 2wo seperate embryos

so share 100% of same genes

identical

27
Q

INFLUENCE OF GENES/TWIN STUDIES - Define dizygotic

A

twins formed when 2wo SEPERATE eggs both become fertilised by DIFFERENT sperm cells

share about 50% same genes

non identical

28
Q

INFLUENCE OF GENES/TWIN STUDIES - if characteristics is genetic what’s expected

A

MONOZYGOTIC TWINS TO BE CONCORDANT as they share 100% of the same genes

DIZYGOTIC TWINS to show lower concordance rates

29
Q

INFLUENCE OF GENES/TWIN STUDIES - if characteristics is genetic what’s expected continued …… what is assumed

A

environment assumed to be constant

30
Q

INFLUENCE OF GENES/TWIN STUDIES - what can be made betwen twins

A

Comparisons can be made between twins raised together and twins raised apart

31
Q

INFLUENCE OF GENES/TWIN STUDIES - What are identical twins a good example of and why

A

interaction between inheritance/genotype and the environment

they have same genetic makeup and look alike but posess different phenotypes

any differences you may say btwn them may be due to differences in experience/environment

32
Q

EVALUATION - Strength - real world application

A

a strenght of the bio approach is that it has many real world applications

drug therapies have been developed for many mental illnesses based on research into neurotransmitters

e.g AD work to increase serotonin levels in the brain, based on the understanding of how low levels of serotonin contribute to depressive symptoms

so by understaning abnormal neurochemical activity in the brain has not been only helpful for developing treatments but has also provided patients with an explanation that their illness isn’t their fault

33
Q

EVALUATION - counterargument - Limitation - AD drugs dont work for everyone

A

although AD successful for many patients dont owrk for everyone

study compared 21 different AD and found wide variations in their effectiveness

Although most > effective than placebos in comparitive trials researchers concluded effects of AD mainly modest

THIS CHALLENGES VALUE OF BA as suggets brain chemistry alone may not account for all cases of , for exmaple depression

34
Q

EVALUATION - Strength - Scientific Method

A

uses scientific methods of investigation

to investigate genetic and biological basis of behav bio approach makes use of a range of precise and highly objective methods e.g FMRI

With advances in technology it’s possible to accuratley measure physiological & neural processes in ways not open to bias

MEANS MUCH OF APPROACH BASED ON OBJECTIVE AND RELIABLE DATA

35
Q

EVALUATION - WEAKNESS - BIOLOGICALLY DETERMINISTIC

A

A weakness of this approach is that biological explanations of human behaviour may be considered deterministic

e.g one assumption of bio approach is some human behaviours are the result of evolution : they max our chances of survival and repproduction and thus are naturally selected and inherited from our ancestors

such evolutionary calims are used to explain a variety of gender differences in human behaviour including aggression and stress. These imply humans have little control over their behaviour and suggest we are predetermined to act in a certain way regardless of experience, free will or the environment

this is problematic for those who dont follow typical or expected behaviours and overemphasises the role of nature on behaviour. It is also an explanation thats unfalsifiable and thus incapable of scientific validation

36
Q

NEUROCHEMICAL BASIS OF BEHAVIOUR - What does neurochemistry refer to

A

actions of chemicals in the brain

37
Q

NEUROCHEMICAL BASIS OF BEHAVIOUR - neural refers to

A

brain

38
Q

NEUROCHEMICAL BASIS OF BEHAVIOUR -what does much of our thought and behaviour rey on

A

chemical transmission in the brain

39
Q

NEUROCHEMICAL BASIS OF BEHAVIOUR - how does chemical transmission occur

A

using neurotransmitters

40
Q

NEUROCHEMICAL BASIS OF BEHAVIOUR - What has been implicated as a possible cause of mental disorder

A

imbalances of neurochemical s in the brain

e.g overproduction of dopamine in schizo

41
Q

GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE - despite having same genes the way identical twins phenotype is

A

different

42
Q

GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE - what idea does identical twins having the same gene but different phenotypes illustrate regarding what biologicla psychologists would accept

A

much of human behaviour depends upon an interaction between inhereted factors (nature) and environment (nurture)

43
Q

EVOLUTION AND BEHAVIOUR - the evlution of animals and plants is a

A

fact period

44
Q

EVOLUTION AND BEHAVIOUR - charles darwin proposed a theory called

A

natural selection

45
Q

EVOLUTION AND BEHAVIOUR - what is the main principle of natural selection

A

any genetically determined behaviour that enhances an individuals survival and reproduction will continue in fiture generations

46
Q

EVOLUTION AND BEHAVIOUR - selective breeding is an example of natural selection explain through use of a famer

A

farmer selects which animals to use for further breeding - the one that possess desirable charcatersitics e.g cow with high milk yield

this means his stock will become progressivley better milk producers

47
Q

EVOLUTION AND BEHAVIOUR - in terms of selective breeding how does this selection take place

A

naturally - no one decides

48
Q

EVOLUTION AND BEHAVIOUR - explain further why selection occurs naturaly

simply because ..

A

some traits give the possesor advantages

theerfore possesr is more likely to survive , reproduce and pass on these traits

49
Q

EVOLUTION AND BEHAVIOUR - in natural selection if individual with advantageous traits survives but doesnt produce what happens

A

traits dont remain in hte gene pool for successive generations

Psychology A-level (87 decks)

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