Behaviourist Approach

Question 1

INTRO - When did the behaviourist approach emerge

Answer 1

beginning of 20th century

Question 2

INTRO - Why did the behaviourist approach emerge and who was it pioneered by

Answer 2

as a reponse to criticisms of Wilhem Wundt

pionereed by John Watson

Question 3

INTRO - What did the behaviorist approach do to the first half of the 20th century

Answer 3

dominated it

Question 4

INTRO - what did the behaviourist approach reject and why

Answer 4

Introspection

as concepts too vague/ unmeasurable

Question 5

INTRO - what is the behaviourist approach credited with developing

Answer 5

psychology as a scientific discipline

Question 6

ASSUMPTIONS - what doe behaviourists say were all born with

Answer 6

• all born with blank slate (tabula rasa) } all bhviours learned from interaction with the enviro (experiences )

Question 7

ASSUMPTIONS - what do behaviourists believe you should only study and what no to study

Answer 7

only study observable and measurable behaviour

not mental processes ( which is why rejected work of Wundt)

Question 8

ASSUMPTIONS - what did behaviourists highlight the importance of

Answer 8

control & objectivity through using lab studies

Question 9

ASSUMPTIONS- what do behaviourists suggest about humans and animals

Answer 9

learn in same way so therefore advocate use animals in research ( all animals replaced humans)

Question 10

ASSUMPTIONS - What do behaviourists say all learning occurs through?

Answer 10

Classical Conditioning

Operant Conditioning

Question 11

CC - define classical conditionning

Answer 11

learning through association of the unconditioned stimulus and neutral stimulus to get a conditioned response

Question 12

CC - who was classical conditioning first demonstrated by

Answer 12

Ivan Pavlov

Question 13

CC - What is an unconditioned stimmulus

Answer 13

something that makes us react instinctivley

Question 14

CC - What is a unconditioned response

Answer 14

unlearned repsonse that occurs naturally in reaction to the US

Question 15

CC- What is a conditioned response

Answer 15

learned response that triggers same response as an US

Question 16

CC - What is a conditioned stimuli

Answer 16

previously NS that after beocming associated with the US eventually comes to trigger a repsonse

Question 17

CC - Explain Classical Conditioning

Answer 17

we learn to associate previously NS with stimulus that already produces a repsones (US).
Through regular pairing NS becomes a CS producing a new learned response (CR)

Question 18

PAVLOVS DOGS - What happened before conditioning

Answer 18

The food ( US ) produced repsones of dogs salivating (UR)

Question 19

PAVLOVS DOGS - What happened before conditioning (bell)

Answer 19

Bell (NS ) produced response of no salivation (no CS)

Question 20

PAVLOVS DOGS - What happened during conditioning

Answer 20

bell(NS) paired with food (US) and response was saliavtion(UR)

Question 21

PAVLOVS DOGS - What happened after conditioning

Answer 21

Bell (CS) produced response of salivation (CR)

Question 22

PAVLOVS DOGS - Describe Pavlovs Dogs

Answer 22

used dogs to test theory

noticed when dogs presented with food (US) they salivate (UR) bio response

So proceeded present dog w food at same time as ringing bell(NS)

Overtime through repeated pairing , dogs associated sound of bell w food . NS presented with US at same time resulting in dogs drooling @ sound of bell even when no food present

Question 23

PAVLOVS DOGS - through pavlovls dogs experiment what was pavlov able to demonstrate

Answer 23

repeated exposure to event leads to a learned & uncontrollable behaviour

Question 24

Describe Little Albert

Answer 24

conditioned baby to fear yt rats

intro rat(NS) into room and everytime baby noticed rat banged hammer (US) on metal pipe frightening (UR) Albert

Then A cried (CR) when rat introduced even w/o loud bang

Albert learned to associate loud noise with rat & become afraid of rat

Question 25

What is a Neutral Stimulus

Answer 25

doesnt do anything

Question 26

OC - what is operant conditioning

Answer 26

Learning through consequences

Question 27

OC - Who pioneered operant conditioning

Answer 27

BF Skinner

Question 28

OC - What are the three types of consequences that affect behaviour

Answer 28

positive reinforcement negative reinforcement punishment

Question 29

OC - Define reinforcement

Answer 29

consequence of behaviour that increases likelihood of behaviour being repeated can be positive or negative

Question 30

OC - Define Positive Reinforcement

Answer 30

Anything that has effect of increasing likelihood of behaviour being repeated by adding a pleasant consequence

Question 31

OC - Give example of Positive Reinforcement

Answer 31

sweets to a kid for cleaning their room

Question 32

OC - Define Negative Reinforcement

Answer 32

Anything that has effect of increasing likelihood of behaviour being repeated by / removing unpleasant consequence

Question 33

OC - give example of negative reinforcement

Answer 33

taking aspirin for headache

Question 34

OC - in other word what is negative reinforcement

Answer 34

behaviour makes something unpleasnat go away

Question 35

OC - What is punishment

Answer 35

anything that has effect of decreasing likelihood of behaviour being repeated as consequences unpleasant when they happen/applied.

Question 36

OC - give an example of punishment

Answer 36

slaping a kid for acting up

Question 37

OC - statement | behaviour reinforced ...... behaviour punished

Answer 37

Behaviour reinforced will be repeated and learned whereas behaviour punished will die out

Question 38

OC - how to remener difference between negative reinforcement

Answer 38

negative reinforcement is taking away (-) hence the word negative and its a reward punishment is adding something bad

Question 39

OC - What did skinner used to conduct research

Answer 39

Rats

Question 40

OC - Describe Skinners Rats

Answer 40

happened in a skinner box rat move around cage when accidentally press lever they rewarded w pellet of food Through reinforcement rat learned each time pressed lever - rewarded w food (+ve reinforcement) Also electricity on the bottom so could test punishment too Instead of food when you press lever rat got an electric shock so learned not ot press lever anymore as punishment means behaviour dies out

Question 41

EVALUATION - counterargument point - STRENGTH scientific credibility

Answer 41

SCIENTIFIC CREDIBILITY BA based on well controlled research as behaviourists focused on measurement of observable behaviour within highly controlled lab settings By breaking behaviour to basic stimulus repsonse units all possible extraneous variables removed allowing cause and effect relationships , ser established (Skinner able clearly demo how RNFCMT influenced animals bhviour) Suggesting bhv experi high scientific credibility . this helped psychology gained cred as a scientific discipline which was significant .

Question 42

EVALUATION - counterpoint - argument bhvst oversimplified learning process by reducing behaviour 2 such simple components

Answer 42

bhvst oversimplified learning process by reducing behaviour 2 such simple components ignored important influence on learning - human thought prob as other approaches (SLT + COG) draw attention to mental processes involved in learning & their importances suggests learning more complex than observable bhviour alone can account for & priv mental processes also essential part of pic but bhv dont wanna study priv mental processes as cant see them - discredits validity of the approach

Question 43

EVALUATION - whats one point you cna always say if approach scientific (lab studies)

Answer 43

* highly controlled lab settings - High IV - indicates strength of RSRCH MTHD used + further ensures validity of the approach

Question 44

EVALUATION - strength - real life application

Answer 44

- OC formed basis of token economy systems used institutions e.g prisons /psych hospitals people rewarded 4 appropriate/desirable behaviour which can then be exchanged4 rewards/priveleges idea being thell want to repeat + learn behaviour to get rewards BENEFICIAL AS HELPS ENCOURAGE +VE BEHAVIOUR MAKING SOCIETY BETTER/SAFER PLACE -CC made important contributions to understanding of mental illnesses many phobias result of unpleasnat learning experiences this understanding help psychologists to develop therapies such as SYSTEMATIC DESENSITISATION that attempt to re-condition patient's fear response BENEFICIAL AS IMPROVE MENTAL HEALTH /SANITY

Question 45

EVALUATION - Limitation | Animal studies

Answer 45

-although animals in rsrch gives experimenters > control over process w/o demand charcteristics/ individual differences influencing results some think unethical use them in experiments as less concern about protection from harrm for non human subjects - subject to horrific enviro , some euthenised at end , particularly in the time of skinner+ PAV - argued findings from animal studies not generalisable to HB (so Skinners operant conditioning theory may provide understanding of rat/dog bhv but little about human bhviour as just because animal does it doesnt mean HB will)

Question 46

EVALUATION - State the positives of Behaviourism

Answer 46

- scientific credibility | - real life application in institutions (improving behaviour ) and mental health (improving sanity)

Question 47

EVALUATION - State the negatives of Behaviourism

Answer 47

- behaviourists oversimplified learning process by reducing learning to such simple components (CAL)