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Psychology A-level > Humanistic Approach > Flashcards

Humanistic Approach Flashcards

1
Q

CONTEXT - When did this originate

A

1950s and 60s

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2
Q

CONTEXT - why did it come out

A

born due to increased dissatisfaction w the dominant approaches at the time

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3
Q

CONTEXT - Who were the three main people who had dissatisfaction w the approaches

A

ROGERS
MASLOW
KELLY

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4
Q

CONTEXT - What were the dominant approaches at the time

A

Behaviourism and psychodynaic approach as they were both deterministic

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5
Q

CONTEXT - explain how the two dominant approaches held negative views on human nature

A

BHV APP - viewed Humans as puppets controlled by the strings of the environment

PSYCH APP - emphasises conflicted person driven by unconscious insticts , we’re basically slaves to our basic primal desires

Which doesn’t paint a good pic of humans

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6
Q

FREE WILL - what did the Humanistic Approach emphasise and why

A

Free will as up till now approaches were determinsitic q

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7
Q

What does deterministic mean

A

behaviour entirley/partly shaped by forces which we have no control

all behaviour has a cause and is therefore predictable

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8
Q

FREE WILL - how is the humanistic approach different in this respect

as in its not detemrinistic

A

says were all essentialy self determining & have free will

but doesn’t mean people aren’t affected by external and internal influences

but does mean we’re all ACTIVE AGENTS & have ability to determine our own development

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9
Q

FREE WILL - so what does this mean humanistic psychologists do / reject

and what do they attempt

A

reject scentific models

and attempt to establish general principles of human behaviour

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10
Q

FREE WILL - as active agents we are all

and what do humamistic psychologists say psychology should therefore concern

A

as active agents we all unique

with the study of subjective experience rather than to create general laws like the behaviourist approach

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11
Q

FREE WILL - What is humanistic psychology all about

A

the person as an individual

and the subjective experience of the person as an individual

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12
Q

FREE WILL - What is humanistic psychology referred to as

A

the person centred approach

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13
Q

MASLOWS HIERACHY OF NEEDS - what was one of Maslows main interests

A

what motivates people

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14
Q

MASLOWS HIERACHY OF NEEDS - what did he argue

A

human needs exist in a hierachy with basics at the bottom and higher order needs at the top

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15
Q

MASLOWS HIERACHY OF NEEDS - when and why did Maslow develop the hierachy

A

1940-1950

as a way for emplyers to get best out of employees by understanding their needs

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16
Q

MASLOWS HIERACHY OF NEEDS - state the order of the hierachy of needs, bottom to top

A

PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS - food water warmth

SAFETY NEEDS - security , protection , law

BELONGING AND LOVE NEEDS - family , affection , relationships

SELF ESTEEM NEEDS - achievement , status , responsibility

SELF ACTUALISATION - personal growth , fulfilment

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17
Q

MASLOWS HIERACHY OF NEEDS - Where are the deficieny needs

A

the first four layers

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18
Q

MASLOWS HIERACHY OF NEEDS - Explain what are the defiecieny needs

A

designed to reduce inadequaties

these needs like vitamins ; cant be healthy w/o them

long term deficieny can encourage mental health disorders

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19
Q

MASLOWS HIERACHY OF NEEDS - what is the top level called

A

being need

20
Q

MASLOWS HIERACHY OF NEEDS - Why is the top level called a being need

A

the need for self actualisation is uniquley human

21
Q

SELF ACTUALISATION - MASLOWS HIERACHY OF NEEDS- what do human psychologists argue about self actualisation

A

Every person’s heading towards it

everyone has an innate tendancy to want to achieve full potential

and everyone can but in their own power to do so

22
Q

SELF ACTUALISATION - MASLOWS HIERACHY OF NEEDS- What is key about climbing the hierachy

A

you need to satify the lower levels before you move upwards to the next and fulfill their potential

23
Q

SELF ACTUALISATION - MASLOWS HIERACHY OF NEEDS- What do all human psychologists argue about personal growth

A

developing, changing as a person and becoming fulfilled is an essential part of what it means to be human - we all have an innate need and desire to do that

24
Q

SELF ACTUALISATION - MASLOWS HIERACHY OF NEEDS- What will everyone not manage and why

A

self actualisation and fulfillment/reaching their potential

there are important psychological barriers that will prevent them

25
Q

SELF ACTUALISATION - MASLOWS HIERACHY OF NEEDS- What can cause fluctuation between levels

A

negative experiences such as job loss or divorce

26
Q

THE SELF, CONGRUENCE & CONDITIONS OF WORTH - What did Rogers say about personal groeth to occur

A

for it to occur the individuals concept of self and their ideal self must be in congruence / broadly equivalent to

27
Q

SELF ACTUALISATION - MASLOWS HIERACHY OF NEEDS- What happens if the two selves aren’t in congruence

A

person experiences state of incongruence and self actualisation won’t be possible

if the gap’s too big growth can’t occur as a the person’s likely to experience negative feelings of self worth , and esteem resulting in esteem issues

which means they then cant focus on achieving goals such as growing as a person and developing

28
Q

CLIENT CENTRED THERAPY - why did Rogers develop it (aka counselling therapy) 2 points

A

reduce gap between self- concept and the ideal self

to help people cope with the struggles of everyday living.

29
Q

CLIENT CENTRED THERAPY - What does Rogers claim about issues we face as adults

A

many issues we face as adults e.g low self esteem have roots in our childhood

30
Q

CLIENT CENTRED THERAPY - What do many issues we face as adults come from

A

a lack of unconditional positive regard from parents / lack of unconditional love

31
Q

CLIENT CENTRED THERAPY - What do some parents impose

A

conditions of worth - i’ll only love you if , i’ll be proud of you if

32
Q

CLIENT CENTRED THERAPY - What does a parent that imposes (too many) conditions of worth do to their child

A

stores up a lot of psychological problems for their child in the future

33
Q

CLIENT CENTRED THERAPY - further explain what conditional love does to a child e.g dad wants him to be baseballer but child wants to just be normal

A

leads to an unpleasant state casued by how child wants to be for his dad & how he actually is , this is low congruence

causing feeling of negative experiences of low self worth and self esteem resulting in esteem issues and

so he then can’t focus on achieveing his goals and developing as a person

34
Q

CLIENT CENTRED THERAPY - What happens when a person recieves unconditional positive regard rather than conditions of worth

A

child likely to grow into a fully functioning person

who trusts their own judgements

more likely to be open to positive experiences

live in the moment rather than stuck in the past/pre occupied with the future

35
Q

CLIENT CENTRED THERAPY - Define congruence

A

healthy sense of well being that’s established when individual maintains a reasonable consistency between their ideal self & actual behaviour

36
Q

CLIENT CENTRED THERAPY - What can defence mechanisms do

A

stop self from growing and changin

widen gulf between ideal self and true self

LINK - to psychodynamic approach when its said defence mechanisms used in the longterm can be unhelpful/harmful

37
Q

CLIENT CENTRED THERAPY - According to Rogers what does being an effective therapist in client centered therapy mean doing

A

having the role of providing clients with unconditional positive regard they failed to recieve as kids

38
Q

CLIENT CENTRED THERAPY(COUNSELLING THERAPY ) - why did Rogers refer to those in therapy as ‘clients’ rather than ‘patients’

A

he saw individuals as the experts of their own conditions

39
Q

CLIENT CENTRED THERAPY(COUNSELLING THERAPY ) - What’s immportant and different about counselling therapy

A

it’s not directed by therapist (non directive)

the client is just encouraged towards discovery of their own solutions within a theraupetic atmosphere that is warm supportive and non judgemental

40
Q

CLIENT CENTRED THERAPY(COUNSELLING THERAPY ) For rogers what should an effective therapist provide a client with

A

genuiness
empathy
UPR

41
Q

CLIENT CENTRED THERAPY(COUNSELLING THERAPY ) What is the aim of Rogerian Therapy

A

increase persons feelings of self worth

reduce level of incongruence between the persons self concept and ideal self

help the person become a more fully functioning perosn

42
Q

EVALUATING HUM APP - Counterargument - Strength

- not reductionist

A

rejects attempt to break up bhviour & experience into smaller concepts (reductionism

Other approaches such as BHVRST explain human and animal learning in terms of simple stimulus response connections
BIOs reduce behaviour to its basic psychological processes - they’re reductionists

but HuPsychs advocate holism(idea subj experience only understood by considering the whole person)

THEREFORE APPROACH has > VALIDITY THAN OTHERS AS CONSIDERS HB WITHIN ITS REAL-WORLD CONTEXT

43
Q

EVALUATING HUM APP - Counterargument - But reductionist approaches more scientific

A

reductionisy approaches more scientific as teh ideal fo science is the experiment

and experiments reduce behaviours to IV DV

issue is Humanistic Psychology is unlike behaviourisim,there are realtivley few concepts that can be broken down to single variables& measured

SO HUPSYCH IN GENERAL SHORT ON EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT ITS CLAIMS

44
Q

EVALUATING HUM APP - Strength - Positive Approach

A

it’s optimistic

Human psychologists praised for bringing the person back into psychology and promoting a positive image of the human condition

Freud saw humans as prisoners of the past& claimed we existed smwhere beterrn ‘common unhappiness’ and absolute despair ‘

In contrast human psychologists see all as basically good and free to work towards achievement of their potential & in control of their lives

SUGGESTING HUPSYCH OFFERES A REFRESHING & OPTIMISTIC ALTERNATIVE TO OTHER APPROACHES

45
Q

EVALUATING HUM APP - Limitation - Cultural Bias

A

culturally biased as not all cultures share assumption individual achievement brings fulfillment

many ideas central to human psychology e.g individual freedom, personal growth are associated with countries that have more individualistic tendencies (UK&US)

Countries with collectivist tendencies emphasise more the needs of the group and interdependence

so in such countries , ideals of humanistic psychology(e.g self actualisation ) may not be as important as in others

THEREFORE APPROACH DOESN’T APPLY UNIVERSALLY & IS THE PRODUCT OF THE CULTURAL CONTEXT IN WHICH WAS DEVELOPED

Psychology A-level (87 decks)

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