Humanistic Approach Flashcards
CONTEXT - When did this originate
1950s and 60s
CONTEXT - why did it come out
born due to increased dissatisfaction w the dominant approaches at the time
CONTEXT - Who were the three main people who had dissatisfaction w the approaches
ROGERS
MASLOW
KELLY
CONTEXT - What were the dominant approaches at the time
Behaviourism and psychodynaic approach as they were both deterministic
CONTEXT - explain how the two dominant approaches held negative views on human nature
BHV APP - viewed Humans as puppets controlled by the strings of the environment
PSYCH APP - emphasises conflicted person driven by unconscious insticts , we’re basically slaves to our basic primal desires
Which doesn’t paint a good pic of humans
FREE WILL - what did the Humanistic Approach emphasise and why
Free will as up till now approaches were determinsitic q
What does deterministic mean
behaviour entirley/partly shaped by forces which we have no control
all behaviour has a cause and is therefore predictable
FREE WILL - how is the humanistic approach different in this respect
as in its not detemrinistic
says were all essentialy self determining & have free will
but doesn’t mean people aren’t affected by external and internal influences
but does mean we’re all ACTIVE AGENTS & have ability to determine our own development
FREE WILL - so what does this mean humanistic psychologists do / reject
and what do they attempt
reject scentific models
and attempt to establish general principles of human behaviour
FREE WILL - as active agents we are all
and what do humamistic psychologists say psychology should therefore concern
as active agents we all unique
with the study of subjective experience rather than to create general laws like the behaviourist approach
FREE WILL - What is humanistic psychology all about
the person as an individual
and the subjective experience of the person as an individual
FREE WILL - What is humanistic psychology referred to as
the person centred approach
MASLOWS HIERACHY OF NEEDS - what was one of Maslows main interests
what motivates people
MASLOWS HIERACHY OF NEEDS - what did he argue
human needs exist in a hierachy with basics at the bottom and higher order needs at the top
MASLOWS HIERACHY OF NEEDS - when and why did Maslow develop the hierachy
1940-1950
as a way for emplyers to get best out of employees by understanding their needs
MASLOWS HIERACHY OF NEEDS - state the order of the hierachy of needs, bottom to top
PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS - food water warmth
SAFETY NEEDS - security , protection , law
BELONGING AND LOVE NEEDS - family , affection , relationships
SELF ESTEEM NEEDS - achievement , status , responsibility
SELF ACTUALISATION - personal growth , fulfilment
MASLOWS HIERACHY OF NEEDS - Where are the deficieny needs
the first four layers
MASLOWS HIERACHY OF NEEDS - Explain what are the defiecieny needs
designed to reduce inadequaties
these needs like vitamins ; cant be healthy w/o them
long term deficieny can encourage mental health disorders
MASLOWS HIERACHY OF NEEDS - what is the top level called
being need
MASLOWS HIERACHY OF NEEDS - Why is the top level called a being need
the need for self actualisation is uniquley human
SELF ACTUALISATION - MASLOWS HIERACHY OF NEEDS- what do human psychologists argue about self actualisation
Every person’s heading towards it
everyone has an innate tendancy to want to achieve full potential
and everyone can but in their own power to do so
SELF ACTUALISATION - MASLOWS HIERACHY OF NEEDS- What is key about climbing the hierachy
you need to satify the lower levels before you move upwards to the next and fulfill their potential
SELF ACTUALISATION - MASLOWS HIERACHY OF NEEDS- What do all human psychologists argue about personal growth
developing, changing as a person and becoming fulfilled is an essential part of what it means to be human - we all have an innate need and desire to do that
SELF ACTUALISATION - MASLOWS HIERACHY OF NEEDS- What will everyone not manage and why
self actualisation and fulfillment/reaching their potential
there are important psychological barriers that will prevent them
SELF ACTUALISATION - MASLOWS HIERACHY OF NEEDS- What can cause fluctuation between levels
negative experiences such as job loss or divorce
THE SELF, CONGRUENCE & CONDITIONS OF WORTH - What did Rogers say about personal groeth to occur
for it to occur the individuals concept of self and their ideal self must be in congruence / broadly equivalent to
SELF ACTUALISATION - MASLOWS HIERACHY OF NEEDS- What happens if the two selves aren’t in congruence
person experiences state of incongruence and self actualisation won’t be possible
if the gap’s too big growth can’t occur as a the person’s likely to experience negative feelings of self worth , and esteem resulting in esteem issues
which means they then cant focus on achieving goals such as growing as a person and developing
CLIENT CENTRED THERAPY - why did Rogers develop it (aka counselling therapy) 2 points
reduce gap between self- concept and the ideal self
to help people cope with the struggles of everyday living.
CLIENT CENTRED THERAPY - What does Rogers claim about issues we face as adults
many issues we face as adults e.g low self esteem have roots in our childhood
CLIENT CENTRED THERAPY - What do many issues we face as adults come from
a lack of unconditional positive regard from parents / lack of unconditional love
CLIENT CENTRED THERAPY - What do some parents impose
conditions of worth - i’ll only love you if , i’ll be proud of you if
CLIENT CENTRED THERAPY - What does a parent that imposes (too many) conditions of worth do to their child
stores up a lot of psychological problems for their child in the future
CLIENT CENTRED THERAPY - further explain what conditional love does to a child e.g dad wants him to be baseballer but child wants to just be normal
leads to an unpleasant state casued by how child wants to be for his dad & how he actually is , this is low congruence
causing feeling of negative experiences of low self worth and self esteem resulting in esteem issues and
so he then can’t focus on achieveing his goals and developing as a person
CLIENT CENTRED THERAPY - What happens when a person recieves unconditional positive regard rather than conditions of worth
child likely to grow into a fully functioning person
who trusts their own judgements
more likely to be open to positive experiences
live in the moment rather than stuck in the past/pre occupied with the future
CLIENT CENTRED THERAPY - Define congruence
healthy sense of well being that’s established when individual maintains a reasonable consistency between their ideal self & actual behaviour
CLIENT CENTRED THERAPY - What can defence mechanisms do
stop self from growing and changin
widen gulf between ideal self and true self
LINK - to psychodynamic approach when its said defence mechanisms used in the longterm can be unhelpful/harmful
CLIENT CENTRED THERAPY - According to Rogers what does being an effective therapist in client centered therapy mean doing
having the role of providing clients with unconditional positive regard they failed to recieve as kids
CLIENT CENTRED THERAPY(COUNSELLING THERAPY ) - why did Rogers refer to those in therapy as ‘clients’ rather than ‘patients’
he saw individuals as the experts of their own conditions
CLIENT CENTRED THERAPY(COUNSELLING THERAPY ) - What’s immportant and different about counselling therapy
it’s not directed by therapist (non directive)
the client is just encouraged towards discovery of their own solutions within a theraupetic atmosphere that is warm supportive and non judgemental
CLIENT CENTRED THERAPY(COUNSELLING THERAPY ) For rogers what should an effective therapist provide a client with
genuiness
empathy
UPR
CLIENT CENTRED THERAPY(COUNSELLING THERAPY ) What is the aim of Rogerian Therapy
increase persons feelings of self worth
reduce level of incongruence between the persons self concept and ideal self
help the person become a more fully functioning perosn
EVALUATING HUM APP - Counterargument - Strength
- not reductionist
rejects attempt to break up bhviour & experience into smaller concepts (reductionism
Other approaches such as BHVRST explain human and animal learning in terms of simple stimulus response connections
BIOs reduce behaviour to its basic psychological processes - they’re reductionists
but HuPsychs advocate holism(idea subj experience only understood by considering the whole person)
THEREFORE APPROACH has > VALIDITY THAN OTHERS AS CONSIDERS HB WITHIN ITS REAL-WORLD CONTEXT
EVALUATING HUM APP - Counterargument - But reductionist approaches more scientific
reductionisy approaches more scientific as teh ideal fo science is the experiment
and experiments reduce behaviours to IV DV
issue is Humanistic Psychology is unlike behaviourisim,there are realtivley few concepts that can be broken down to single variables& measured
SO HUPSYCH IN GENERAL SHORT ON EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT ITS CLAIMS
EVALUATING HUM APP - Strength - Positive Approach
it’s optimistic
Human psychologists praised for bringing the person back into psychology and promoting a positive image of the human condition
Freud saw humans as prisoners of the past& claimed we existed smwhere beterrn ‘common unhappiness’ and absolute despair ‘
In contrast human psychologists see all as basically good and free to work towards achievement of their potential & in control of their lives
SUGGESTING HUPSYCH OFFERES A REFRESHING & OPTIMISTIC ALTERNATIVE TO OTHER APPROACHES
EVALUATING HUM APP - Limitation - Cultural Bias
culturally biased as not all cultures share assumption individual achievement brings fulfillment
many ideas central to human psychology e.g individual freedom, personal growth are associated with countries that have more individualistic tendencies (UK&US)
Countries with collectivist tendencies emphasise more the needs of the group and interdependence
so in such countries , ideals of humanistic psychology(e.g self actualisation ) may not be as important as in others
THEREFORE APPROACH DOESN’T APPLY UNIVERSALLY & IS THE PRODUCT OF THE CULTURAL CONTEXT IN WHICH WAS DEVELOPED
