MEMORY: Retrieval Failure due to Absence Cues

Question 1

why do people forget infor

Answer 1

insufficient cues

Question 2

when info intially placed in memory what is stored at the same time

Answer 2

associated cues

Question 3

if cues not available at the time of recall it may appear as if

Answer 3

you’ve forgotten teh infor but really due to retrieval failure

Question 4

What is retrieval failure

Answer 4

form of forgetting when we dont have necessary cues to access mem

mem avaiable but not accessible unless suitable cue provided

Question 5

Tulving reviewed research into retrieval failure and found a consistent pattern he called

Answer 5

the encoding specificity principle

Question 6

What is the ESP

Answer 6

If cue going to be helpful must be both

present at encoding
present at retrieval

Question 7

according to the ESP when will there be forgetting

Answer 7

cues available at encoding&retrieval = different

cue entirley absent @ retrieval

Question 8

some cues are encoded at the time of learning in a

Answer 8

meanigful way

Question 9

give example of a cue being encoded in a meaningful way

Answer 9

mnemonics

Question 10

What are the two examples of non meaningful cues

Answer 10

context and state dependent forgetting

Question 11

Context dependent forgetting

Answer 11

recall dependent on external cue

e.gweather/place

Question 12

State dependent forgetting

Answer 12

recall depends on internal cue

e.g being drunk

Question 13

Who did research on CDF

Answer 13

Godden and Baddeley

Question 14

Who did they do CDF

Answer 14

Deep sea divers

Question 15

Why did they do CDF research on deep sea divers

Answer 15

see if training on land helped/hindered

their work underwater

Question 16

What were the four conditions in research on CDF

Answer 16

learn on land - recall on land
learn on land - recall underwater
learn underwater - recall underwater
learn underwater - recall on land

Question 17

What was the finding for research on CDF

Answer 17

Accurate recall 40% lower in non matching conditions

Question 18

What was conclusion for CDF from findings

x failure happened cause …

Answer 18

RetrievalFailure happened casue EC at learning different to those available at recall

Question 19

who did Research on State Dependenpt Forgetting

Answer 19

Carter and Cassady

Question 20

in SDF what did pt get

Answer 20

antihestamine drugs

Question 21

what effect di antihestamine have and how did it make pt feel

Answer 21

mild sedative effect

made pt slightly drowsy

Question 22

the AH created

Answer 22

an internal phsyological state differnet from the normal state of being awake and alert

Question 23

What did pt have to learn and do

Answer 23

list of words and passages of prose

then recall the info again

Question 24

in RfSDF what were the conditions

Answer 24

learn on drug - recall when on drug
learn on drug - recall when not on drug
learn not on drug - recall when not on drug
learn not on drug - recall when on drug

Question 25

What were the findings for the RSDF

Answer 25

mismatch between internal state @ learning and recall

=

performance on mem test significantly worse

Question 26

What can we conclude from the findings from RSDF

Answer 26

When cues are absent there is more forgetting

(e.g drowsy when learning then not drowsy when recalling)

Question 27

EVAL

Answer 27

retrieval cues can help you overcome forgetting in everyday situations

Massive range of research supporting context dependent forgetting

counterpoint CDF not strong esp in everyday life

context effects may depend on type of mem being tested

Question 28

explain strength- retrieval cues can help you overcome forgetting in everyday situations

cues may not have x effect on forgetting
but still x paying attention x

one room , need to grab something from x then forget then go x into x room and remember

trouble remembering something = x making the x to recall x in which you first learned

shows how research can x us/x us of strategies to use in the real world to x recall

Answer 28

cues-not have strong effect on forgetting
still worth paying attention to

one room , need to grab something from other then forget then go back into og room and remember

trouble remembering something =worth making the effort to recall enviro in which you first learned

shows how research can give us/remind us of strategies to use in the real world to improve recall

Question 29

Explain - massive range of research supporting context dependent forgetting

x and baddeley + x and cassady(deep sea divers, antihestamine) show lack of relevant cues at recall lead to xDF AND xDF in x life

x and keane argue retrieval failure main reason for x forgetting

all this x shows retrieval failure occurs in x world situations as well as x controlled conditions of the lab

Answer 29

godden and baddeley + carter and cassady show lack of relevant cues at recall lead to SDF AND CDF in everyday life

eysenck and keane argue retrieval failure main reason for LTM forgetting

evidence shows retrieval failure occurs in real world situations as well as highly controlled conditions of the lab - so has higher external validity

Question 30

explain CP for massive range of research supproting context dependent forgetting

x contexts have to be very differnet indeed x effect is seen
e.g x to find environment x from land such as water

in x learning something in x room then recalling it in the other = not x forgetting as environments are generally not different x

means retrieval failure due to lack of x cues doesn’t actually x much everyday forgetting

Answer 30

different contexts have to be very differnet indeed before effect is seen
e.g hard to find environment different from land such aswater

in contrast larning something in one room then recalling it in the other = not much forgetting as environments are generally not different enough

means retrieval failure due to lack of contextual cues doesn’tactually explain much everyday forgetting

Question 31

Explain limitation fo context effects may depend on type of memory being tested

x&x replicated their underwater experiment but used x test instead of x

pt say whether they x word read from list instead of x it for themselves

when repetition tested there was no x depndent effect, performance was the same in all x conditinos

suggests retrieval failure = x explanation for forgetting
only applies when a person x infomation rather than x it

Answer 31

G&B replicated their underwater experiment but used recognition test instead of recall

say whether they recognised word read from list instead of retrieving it for themselves

when repetition tested there was no context depndent effect, performance was the same in all 4 conditinos

suggests retrieval failure = limted explanation for forgetting
only applies when a person recalls infomation rather than recognise it