MEMORY: Retrieval Failure due to Absence Cues Flashcards
why do people forget infor
insufficient cues
when info intially placed in memory what is stored at the same time
associated cues
if cues not available at the time of recall it may appear as if
you’ve forgotten teh infor but really due to retrieval failure
What is retrieval failure
form of forgetting when we dont have necessary cues to access mem
mem avaiable but not accessible unless suitable cue provided
Tulving reviewed research into retrieval failure and found a consistent pattern he called
the encoding specificity principle
What is the ESP
If cue going to be helpful must be both
present at encoding
present at retrieval
according to the ESP when will there be forgetting
cues available at encoding&retrieval = different
cue entirley absent @ retrieval
some cues are encoded at the time of learning in a
meanigful way
give example of a cue being encoded in a meaningful way
mnemonics
What are the two examples of non meaningful cues
context and state dependent forgetting
Context dependent forgetting
recall dependent on external cue
e.gweather/place
State dependent forgetting
recall depends on internal cue
e.g being drunk
Who did research on CDF
Godden and Baddeley
Who did they do CDF
Deep sea divers
Why did they do CDF research on deep sea divers
see if training on land helped/hindered
their work underwater
What were the four conditions in research on CDF
learn on land - recall on land
learn on land - recall underwater
learn underwater - recall underwater
learn underwater - recall on land
What was the finding for research on CDF
Accurate recall 40% lower in non matching conditions
What was conclusion for CDF from findings
x failure happened cause …
RetrievalFailure happened casue EC at learning different to those available at recall
who did Research on State Dependenpt Forgetting
Carter and Cassady
in SDF what did pt get
antihestamine drugs
what effect di antihestamine have and how did it make pt feel
mild sedative effect
made pt slightly drowsy
the AH created
an internal phsyological state differnet from the normal state of being awake and alert
What did pt have to learn and do
list of words and passages of prose
then recall the info again
in RfSDF what were the conditions
learn on drug - recall when on drug
learn on drug - recall when not on drug
learn not on drug - recall when not on drug
learn not on drug - recall when on drug
What were the findings for the RSDF
mismatch between internal state @ learning and recall
=
performance on mem test significantly worse
What can we conclude from the findings from RSDF
When cues are absent there is more forgetting
(e.g drowsy when learning then not drowsy when recalling)
EVAL
retrieval cues can help you overcome forgetting in everyday situations
Massive range of research supporting context dependent forgetting
counterpoint CDF not strong esp in everyday life
context effects may depend on type of mem being tested
explain strength- retrieval cues can help you overcome forgetting in everyday situations
cues may not have x effect on forgetting
but still x paying attention x
one room , need to grab something from x then forget then go x into x room and remember
trouble remembering something = x making the x to recall x in which you first learned
shows how research can x us/x us of strategies to use in the real world to x recall
cues-not have strong effect on forgetting
still worth paying attention to
one room , need to grab something from other then forget then go back into og room and remember
trouble remembering something =worth making the effort to recall enviro in which you first learned
shows how research can give us/remind us of strategies to use in the real world to improve recall
Explain - massive range of research supporting context dependent forgetting
x and baddeley + x and cassady(deep sea divers, antihestamine) show lack of relevant cues at recall lead to xDF AND xDF in x life
x and keane argue retrieval failure main reason for x forgetting
all this x shows retrieval failure occurs in x world situations as well as x controlled conditions of the lab
godden and baddeley + carter and cassady show lack of relevant cues at recall lead to SDF AND CDF in everyday life
eysenck and keane argue retrieval failure main reason for LTM forgetting
evidence shows retrieval failure occurs in real world situations as well as highly controlled conditions of the lab - so has higher external validity
explain CP for massive range of research supproting context dependent forgetting
x contexts have to be very differnet indeed x effect is seen
e.g x to find environment x from land such as water
in x learning something in x room then recalling it in the other = not x forgetting as environments are generally not different x
means retrieval failure due to lack of x cues doesn’t actually x much everyday forgetting
different contexts have to be very differnet indeed before effect is seen
e.g hard to find environment different from land such aswater
in contrast larning something in one room then recalling it in the other = not much forgetting as environments are generally not different enough
means retrieval failure due to lack of contextual cues doesn’tactually explain much everyday forgetting
Explain limitation fo context effects may depend on type of memory being tested
x&x replicated their underwater experiment but used x test instead of x
pt say whether they x word read from list instead of x it for themselves
when repetition tested there was no x depndent effect, performance was the same in all x conditinos
suggests retrieval failure = x explanation for forgetting
only applies when a person x infomation rather than x it
G&B replicated their underwater experiment but used recognition test instead of recall
say whether they recognised word read from list instead of retrieving it for themselves
when repetition tested there was no context depndent effect, performance was the same in all 4 conditinos
suggests retrieval failure = limted explanation for forgetting
only applies when a person recalls infomation rather than recognise it
