Bio Rhythms Infradian and Ultradian Rhythms

Question 1

example of Infradian Rhythm

Answer 1

menstrual cycle

Question 2

menstrual cycle governed by

Answer 2

monthly changes in hormone levels

Question 3

what does the cycle refer to

Answer 3

time between 1st day of womans period to the day before her next period

Question 4

menstrual cycle governed by month changes in hormone levels regualte

Answer 4

ovulation

Question 5

how many days does menstrual cycle last for

Answer 5

28days

Question 6

what is range of menstrual cycle to last

Answer 6

24-35 days

Question 7

during each M cycle what hormone rises

Answer 7

oestrogen

Question 8

during each cycle rising lvls of oestrogen causes

Answer 8

ovulation

Question 9

what type of system isnthe m cycle

Answer 9

endogenous system

Question 10

evidence suggestgs men cycle may be influenced by

Answer 10

exogenous factors like cycles of other wmen

Question 11

study by Stern and MClintock showed how

Answer 11

mens cycles may ych as a result of incluence of pheromeones

Question 12

what happend in the stern and MClintock study

Answer 12

samples of pheromones gthered from 9 of women at diff stages of mens cycle via cotton pad placed in armpit

pads worn at least 9 hours to ensure phermones picked up

Question 13

how were padws treated and to do what

Answer 13

with alcohol and frozen

to be rubbed on upper lip of other pt

Question 14

On day one what ahppend to pads from start of menstrual cycle

Answer 14

applied to all 20 women

Question 15

on day two what happned to what were all women given

Answer 15

pad from second day of cycle and so on

Question 16

what were the result/ waht ddo Stern and McClintock find

Answer 16

68% of women xp changes to theri cycle

which brough them closer to cycle of odour donor

Question 17

What is SAD

Answer 17

Deppressive disorder with a sasonal pattern onset

diagnosed as a mental disorder in DSM - 5

Question 18

ass with other froms of depression wahta re the main symptoms of SAD

Answer 18

PERSISTEN LOW MOODS

ALONGSIDE GENERLA LACK OF ACTIVITY ADN INTEREST IN LIFE

Question 19

SAD oftern reffered to as

Answer 19

winter blues

Question 20

why si SAD referred to as winter blues

Answer 20

symptoms triggered durin winter months when # of daylight hours becomes shorter

Question 21

what particlar type of infradian rhythm is SAD

Answer 21

Circannual rhythm

Question 22

why is SAD a circannual rhythm

Answer 22

subject to a yearly cycle

Question 23

why can SAD also be classified as a circ rhtym

Answer 23

xp of SAD may be due to disruption of sleep/wake cyle which can be attributed to prolonged perids of daily darkness during winter

Question 24

what have psych hypothesised abut the hormone melatomnin

Answer 24

is implicated in the cause of SAD

Question 25

Eplain how melatonin is implicated in the cause of SAD

Answer 25

During the night teh pineal gland secretes melatonin till dawn when tehre is an icnreae in light

during wintere lack of light in the morning means this secretion process continues for longer

this is thought to have a knock on effect on production of serotinin in the brain

Question 26

serotonin is a chemical thats been lnked to

Answer 26

onset of depressive symptoms

Question 27

ULTRADIAN RHYTHMS - what is one of the most intensivley researched ultradian rhythm

Answer 27

sleep cycle/ stages of sleep

Question 28

ULTRADIAN RHYTHMS - how many distinct stages of sleep have pscyhoogists identified

Answer 28

5

Question 29

ULTRADIAN RHYTHMS - these distinct stages of sleep last for around

Answer 29

90 minutes

Question 30

ULTRADIAN RHYTHMS - each distinct satge of sleep cycle is characterised by

Answer 30

a differnt level of brainwave activity

Question 31

ULTRADIAN RHYTHMS - how can rbainwave activity be monitores

Answer 31

using an EEG

Question 32

ULTRADIAN RHYTHMS - outline hwat happens in stage 1 and 2

Answer 32

this is lgiht sleep - person may be easily woken

stage 1 - brain waves are high frequency and have short amplitude (alpha waves )

stage 2 - alpha waves continue but theres occasional random changes in pattern - called sleep spindles

Question 33

ULTRADIAN RHYTHMS - explain stages 3 and 4

Answer 33

deep sleep or slow wave sleep (SWS)

Brain waves are delta waves - with lower frequency and higher amplitude

its difficult to wake someone at this point

Question 34

ULTRADIAN RHYTHMS - what is stage 5 known as

Answer 34

REM sleep

Question 35

ULTRADIAN RHYTHMS - explain stage 5

Answer 35

body is paralysed yet brain activity closely resembles that of the awake brain

during this time the brain prosuces theta waves and eyes occasionally move around so we get rapid eye movemetn (REM)

dreams are most often xp during REM sleep, but may alsso occur in deep sleep

Question 36

eval

Question 37

LIMITAITON of infradian rhythms - methodoligical limitations

a limititation of synchronisation studies is their x x

there are many x that ay effect changes to the x cycle including x , changes in x which can act asx x

which means that any x pattern of x is no more than would have been x to occur by x

this may explain why other x have x to x findings

this is limtiation as suggests menstrual synchrony x are x

Answer 37

a limititation of synchronisation studies is their metholodigcal shortcomings

there are many factors that ay effect changes to the menstrual cycle including stress , changes in diet which can act as confounding varibles

which means that any supposed pattern of synchrinisation is no more than would have been expected to occur by chance

this may explain why other studies have failed to relicate findings

this is limtiation as suggests menstrual synchrony studies are flawed

Question 38

strenght - infradian rhythms - evolutinoary basis

strenght of menstrual synchrony research is it may be explained by x x

x of the menstrual cycle of the kinf observed int eh x and x study is thought by some to have x x

for our x ancestors it may have been x for women to x together and become x at the same tie

in a x group this would allow babies who have x theor x during or x x to have access to x x therfore x their chances of x

this is suggest synchronisation is an x strategy

Answer 38

strenght of menstrual synchrony research is it may be explained by natural selection

synchronisation of the menstrual cycle of the kinf observed int eh stern and mcclintock study is thought by some to have evlutionary value

for our sidtant ancestors it may have been advantageoues for women to menstruate together and become pregnant at the same tie

in a social group this would allow babies who have lost theor mother during or after childbirth to have access to breast milk therfore improving their chances of survial

this is suggest synchronisation is an adative strategy

Question 39

• research support role of melatonin in SAD

Finally, evidence supports the role of X in SAD. Terman (1988) found that the rate of XXX is more common in X countries where the X nights are X.
For example, X found that SAD affects roughly X% of people living in New X (a X part of the US) and only X% of residents in X Florida. These results suggest that SAD is in part affected by X (exogenous zeitgeber) that results in increased levels of X.

Answer 39

Finally, evidence supports the role of melatonin in SAD. Terman (1988) found that the rate of SAD is more common in Northern countries where the winter nights are longer. For example, Terman found that SAD affects roughly 10% of people living in New Hampshire (a northern part of the US) and only 2% of residents in southern Florida. These results suggest that SAD is in part affected by light (exogenous zeitgeber) that results in increased levels of melatonin.

Question 40

STRENGTH RESEARCH INTO ULTRADIAN RHYTHMS

its x our understanding of x related changes in x

x scientists have observed that SWS x with x

x hormone is mostly produced during SWS therefore this is x in x people

according to xx et al the resulting sleep x may explain various x in x age such as x x

in order to incrase SWS x and x may be used

this suggests x of ultradian rhythms has x value

Answer 40

its improved our understanding of age related changes in sleep

sleeep scientists have observed that SWS reduces with age

growth hormone is mostly produced during SWS therefore this is reduced in older people

according to van cauter et al the resulting sleep deficit may explain various issues in old age such as reduced alertness

in order to incrase SWS relaxation and medicatino may be used

this suggests knowledg of ultradian rhythms has practical value

Question 41

limtation RESEARCH INTO INFRADIAN RHYTHMS - individual differnces

a limtiatino of ultradian rhythm research is there is a significant x between people

x et al found large x beteen participants in terms of the x of each sleep cycle ptclry x&x

x et al suggests these differnces are likely ot be x x

this makes it x to describe x sleep in any x way

Answer 41

a limtiatino of ultradian rhythm research is there is a significant variations between people

tuckee et al found large differnces beteen participants in terms of the duration of each sleep cycle ptclry 3&4

tucker et al suggests these differnces are likely ot be biologically determined

this makes it difficult to describe normal sleep in any meaningful way

Question 42

evaluation extra sleep lab

benefit of conducting studies of sleep in a lab is control of x variables

this means the researche can x temporary variables such as x or x tjat amy affect x

this increases the x validity of the experient whihc increases x of x

however lab studies involve being x to x machinery leading pt to sleep in a way that doesnt represent x sleep patterns so these studies have low x x and x validity

Answer 42

benefit of conducting studies of sleep in a lab is control of extraneous variables

this means the researche can exclude temporary variables such as noise or temperature tjat amy affect sleep

this increases the internal validity of the experient whihc increases genuinity of findings

however lab studies involve being atatched to compicated machinery leading pt to sleep in a way that doesnt represnt ordinary sleep patterns so these studies have mundane realisma nd external validity