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Psychology A-level > MEMORY: Long Term Memory > Flashcards

MEMORY: Long Term Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

What did Tulving realise (1)

A

the MSM view of LTM was too simplistic / inflexible

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2
Q

Why was Tulving important

A

one of the first cog psychologists to realsie MSM too inflexible and simplistic

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3
Q

What LT memory stores did Tulving propose

A

Episodic Memory
Procedural Memory
Semantic Memory

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4
Q

What is Episodic Memory

A

refers to ability to recall events (Episodes) from our lives

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5
Q

Episodic memory has been compared to

A

a dairy / daily record of our experiences

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6
Q

Give examples of Episodic Memory

A

breakfast you ate this morning
gig went to last week
yday psychology class

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7
Q

Episodic memories are described as …

A

complex

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8
Q

First of all Episodic Memory is

hint post

A

time stamped

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9
Q

Episodic memory is time stamped - what does this mean

A

you remeber when and what happened

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10
Q

Episodic memory also stores info about how events relate

A

to each other in time

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11
Q

secondly episodic memory will include several elemts such as

ppob

A

people
places
objects
behaviours

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12
Q

episodic memory include several elements that are what

A

interwoven to produce a single memory

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13
Q

Thirdly what effort must you make to recall episodic emmories

A

conscious effort

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14
Q

Explain how you recall episodic memories conscioursly

A

you do it quickly but you’re aware youre searching for what happened in the event

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15
Q

What is Semantic Memory

A

store that contains our shared knowledge of the world

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16
Q

Semantic memory has been compared to an

A

encyclopedia and a dictionary

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17
Q

semantic memory includes knowledge of things susch as

A

how to apply to uni
what an orange tastes like
meaning of words

18
Q

Out of all the diffeent types of knowledge which one is really ipmortant in semantic memory

A

meaning of words

19
Q

semantic memory contains your knowledge of an impressive amount of concepts such as

A

animals
love
frozen

20
Q

T/F semantic memories are time stamped

A

f

21
Q

Describe semantic knwoledge

A

knowlede is less personal and mroe about hte facts we all share

22
Q

Semantic Memory contains an immense amount of information that is constantly being …

A

added to

23
Q

Tulving said semantic memory is what than episodic memory

A

less vunerable to distortion and forgetting than episodic memory

24
Q

What is procedural memory

A

Memory for actions and skills

basically how we do things

25
Q

we can recall procedural memories wihtout

A

conscious awareness or much effort (eventually)

26
Q

Give an example of procedural memory

A

driving a car

27
Q

Our ability to drive a car becomes * through *

A

ability to do things in PM become automatic thorugh practices

28
Q

we change the geatr without/ do things in pm without

A

recalling how to do it

29
Q

we indicate left or right without

A

realising we’ve done so

30
Q

Procedural Memories are the sorts of skills we might find hard to

A

explain to someone else

31
Q

If you try and describe how to drive a car task becomes

A

more difficult

32
Q

Key points ab Clive Wearing

A

severe form of amnesia resulting from infection

damaged hippocampo and associated areas

before infection world class muscian , can still play piano and conduct a choir

but cannot remener musical education

can remener some aspects of his life but no others e.g

knows got kids from earlier marriage but cant remeber names

remebers 2nd wife greeting her happily each time they meet thinking he’s not seen her in LT eventhough left room for a few mins

33
Q

Stregnth of LTM clinical evidence

A

Support from Clive Wearing and HM studies

34
Q

Explain S1 - support from clive wearing and HM

A

Episodic memory in both men severley impaired due to brain damage

semantic memorires relativley unaffected

as understood menaing of words - hm couldnt recall stroking a dog earlier but didnt need concept of dAWgY explained to him

Procedural memory still in atct as both knew how to walk and speak and Clives still knew how to play piano

therefore evidence supprots view there are differnt LTM stores - one can be damaged but the others are unaffected

35
Q

What os couinterpoint to S1 -

A

Major limtiation is they lack contorl variables

36
Q

explain COUNTERPOINT TO S1

A

A;though studying people with brain injuries can help researchers understand how memory is supposed to work

but
brain injuries unexpected so
researcher has no way of controlling what happened to the pt before or during the injury

researcher has no knowledge of indis memory before damage

w/o ,difficult to judge exactly how mcuh worse it is afterwards

THEREFORE lack of control limits what clinical studies can tell us about diff types of LTM

37
Q

strength 2

A

understanding types of LTM allows psychologists to help people with memory problems

38
Q

Explain S2 - how underunderstanding types of LTM allows psychologists to help people with memory problems

A

as peaoplen age = memory loss

research shown this specific to EM - harder to recall memories of personal events occuring relativley recently but past EM intact

Belleville bale to come up with intervention to improve EM in older people

trained pt performed better on test of EM after training than a control group

shows distinguishing between types of LTM allows specific treatments to be developed

39
Q

Limtiation 2 of LTM

A

Conflicting research findings into linking the types of LTM to areas of the brain

40
Q

Exoplain L2

A

Researchers (BUCKNER AND PETERSEN) looked at evi regarding location of SM/EM

concluded SM left side of PFC and EM on right

But other researchers link PFC with encoding of EM and right PFC with the with episodic retrieval

this challenges neurophysical evidence to support diff types of LTM as poor agreement on where each type may be locateds

Psychology A-level (87 decks)

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