MEMORY: Long Term Memory Flashcards
What did Tulving realise (1)
the MSM view of LTM was too simplistic / inflexible
Why was Tulving important
one of the first cog psychologists to realsie MSM too inflexible and simplistic
What LT memory stores did Tulving propose
Episodic Memory
Procedural Memory
Semantic Memory
What is Episodic Memory
refers to ability to recall events (Episodes) from our lives
Episodic memory has been compared to
a dairy / daily record of our experiences
Give examples of Episodic Memory
breakfast you ate this morning
gig went to last week
yday psychology class
Episodic memories are described as …
complex
First of all Episodic Memory is
hint post
time stamped
Episodic memory is time stamped - what does this mean
you remeber when and what happened
Episodic memory also stores info about how events relate
to each other in time
secondly episodic memory will include several elemts such as
ppob
people
places
objects
behaviours
episodic memory include several elements that are what
interwoven to produce a single memory
Thirdly what effort must you make to recall episodic emmories
conscious effort
Explain how you recall episodic memories conscioursly
you do it quickly but you’re aware youre searching for what happened in the event
What is Semantic Memory
store that contains our shared knowledge of the world
Semantic memory has been compared to an
encyclopedia and a dictionary
semantic memory includes knowledge of things susch as
how to apply to uni
what an orange tastes like
meaning of words
Out of all the diffeent types of knowledge which one is really ipmortant in semantic memory
meaning of words
semantic memory contains your knowledge of an impressive amount of concepts such as
animals
love
frozen
T/F semantic memories are time stamped
f
Describe semantic knwoledge
knowlede is less personal and mroe about hte facts we all share
Semantic Memory contains an immense amount of information that is constantly being …
added to
Tulving said semantic memory is what than episodic memory
less vunerable to distortion and forgetting than episodic memory
What is procedural memory
Memory for actions and skills
basically how we do things
we can recall procedural memories wihtout
conscious awareness or much effort (eventually)
Give an example of procedural memory
driving a car
Our ability to drive a car becomes * through *
ability to do things in PM become automatic thorugh practices
we change the geatr without/ do things in pm without
recalling how to do it
we indicate left or right without
realising we’ve done so
Procedural Memories are the sorts of skills we might find hard to
explain to someone else
If you try and describe how to drive a car task becomes
more difficult
Key points ab Clive Wearing
severe form of amnesia resulting from infection
damaged hippocampo and associated areas
before infection world class muscian , can still play piano and conduct a choir
but cannot remener musical education
can remener some aspects of his life but no others e.g
knows got kids from earlier marriage but cant remeber names
remebers 2nd wife greeting her happily each time they meet thinking he’s not seen her in LT eventhough left room for a few mins
Stregnth of LTM clinical evidence
Support from Clive Wearing and HM studies
Explain S1 - support from clive wearing and HM
Episodic memory in both men severley impaired due to brain damage
semantic memorires relativley unaffected
as understood menaing of words - hm couldnt recall stroking a dog earlier but didnt need concept of dAWgY explained to him
Procedural memory still in atct as both knew how to walk and speak and Clives still knew how to play piano
therefore evidence supprots view there are differnt LTM stores - one can be damaged but the others are unaffected
What os couinterpoint to S1 -
Major limtiation is they lack contorl variables
explain COUNTERPOINT TO S1
A;though studying people with brain injuries can help researchers understand how memory is supposed to work
but
brain injuries unexpected so
researcher has no way of controlling what happened to the pt before or during the injury
researcher has no knowledge of indis memory before damage
w/o ,difficult to judge exactly how mcuh worse it is afterwards
THEREFORE lack of control limits what clinical studies can tell us about diff types of LTM
strength 2
understanding types of LTM allows psychologists to help people with memory problems
Explain S2 - how underunderstanding types of LTM allows psychologists to help people with memory problems
as peaoplen age = memory loss
research shown this specific to EM - harder to recall memories of personal events occuring relativley recently but past EM intact
Belleville bale to come up with intervention to improve EM in older people
trained pt performed better on test of EM after training than a control group
shows distinguishing between types of LTM allows specific treatments to be developed
Limtiation 2 of LTM
Conflicting research findings into linking the types of LTM to areas of the brain
Exoplain L2
Researchers (BUCKNER AND PETERSEN) looked at evi regarding location of SM/EM
concluded SM left side of PFC and EM on right
But other researchers link PFC with encoding of EM and right PFC with the with episodic retrieval
this challenges neurophysical evidence to support diff types of LTM as poor agreement on where each type may be locateds
