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2024 Vet physiology > Exam 4: ALL kinds of review questions (Graded quiz and Practice Quiz) > Flashcards

Exam 4: ALL kinds of review questions (Graded quiz and Practice Quiz) Flashcards

1
Q

Which system is classified as a chemical buffer system that can serve as the first line of defense against shifts in pH?

A

phosphate buffer system

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2
Q

Which volatile acid presents a daily challenge to the normal pH?

A

Carbon Dioxide

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3
Q

What happens to plasma bicarbonate concentration during respiratory acidosis?

A

plasma bicarbonate increases

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4
Q

What is the diagnosis for the following set of values?

pH = 7.062

HCO3 = 13 mEq/L

PCO2 = 67 mm Hg

A

Mixed metabolic acidosis and respiratory acidosis

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5
Q

What is the diagnosis for the following set of values?

pH = 7.521

HCO3 = 36 mEq/L

PCO2 = 55 mm Hg

A

Metabolic alkalsosis with partial respiratory compensation

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6
Q

What is the diagnosis for the following set of values?

pH = 7.221

HCO3 = 8.5 mEq/L

PCO2 = 22 mm Hg

A

Metabolic acidosis with partial respiratory compensation

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7
Q

Which ganglia in the enteric nervous system is located between the submucosa and circular muscle?

A

Meissners plexus

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8
Q

Which substance is a GI paracrine involved in stimulating hydrogen ion secretion by gastric parietal cells?

A

Histamine

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9
Q

Which neuromodulator causes relaxation of smooth muscle and increases intestinal secretions?

A

Vasoactive intestinal peptide

  • VIP
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10
Q

Which route does a hormone take to reach its target tissue?

A

travels through the blood stream

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11
Q

Which substance is secreted in higher concentrations at high rates of saliva production?

A

HCO3-

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12
Q

In what area of the stomach does mixing of digesta occur?

A

Caudad region

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13
Q

What is secreted by mucous neck cells in the oxyntic glands of the stomach?

A

mucous

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14
Q

What two substances form the barrier to damage by acid and pepsin in the gastric mucosa? Choose all that apply.

A

Bicarbonate
Mucous

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15
Q

Which portion of pancreatic secretions is stimulated by products of digestion?

A

Enzymatic

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16
Q

What substances in bile function to emulsify lipids for digestion and assist in absorbing lipid products of digestion?

A

Bile salts

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17
Q

How are glucose, galactose, and fructose absorbed from the enterocyte into blood?

A

GLUT 2

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18
Q

Which enzyme is released by the pancreas and is an endopeptidase?

A

Chymotrypsin

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19
Q

How is free iron transported from the enterocyte into blood?

A

Ferroportin

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20
Q

Which hormone influences sodium absorption and potassium secretion in cells of the colon?

A

Aldesterone

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21
Q

Which substance is secreted in exchange for chloride absorption in enterocytes of the ileum?

A

HCO3-

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22
Q

During the absorptive phase in the liver, which compound leaves the mitochondria and contributes to fatty acid synthesis?

A

Citrate

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23
Q

What do true carnivores primarily use for gluconeogenesis?

A

Glucogenic amino acids

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24
Q

During the post-absorptive phase, which amino acid is used by the skeletal muscle to transfer nitrogen (amino acid group) to the liver as it transaminates branched-chain amino acids for energy?

A

Alanine

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25
Q

What is the main precursor for gluconeogenesis in ruminants?

A

Propionate

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26
Q

Where will fixed acids ultimately be excreted?
a. Kidneys
b. Lungs
c. Liver

A

A

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27
Q

Which equation is used to calculate the pH of a buffered solution?
a. Anion gap equation
b. Stewart acid-base equation
c. Strong anion gap equation
d. Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

A

D

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28
Q

What will the relative pK value be for a weak acid such as H2CO3?
a. Low pK value
b. High pK value

A

B

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29
Q

What is a major intracellular buffer, particularly in blood?
a. Inorganic phosphates
b. Plasma proteins
c. Hemoglobin

A

C

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30
Q

If a primary disturbance occurs in HCO3
-, what is the disturbance in acid-base considered
to be?
a. Respiratory
b. Metabolic

A

B

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31
Q

If more than one acid-base disorder is present, it is called a mixed acid-base disorder.
True or false?

A

TRUE

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32
Q

Metabolic acidosis is caused by a decrease in bicarbonate and also a gain in:
a. Volatile acids
b. Fixed acids

A

B

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33
Q

What can lead to respiratory acidosis?
a. Hypoventilation
b. Hyperventilation

A

A

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34
Q

If the acid-base disturbance is metabolic, then the compensatory response is respiratory
to adjust the PCO2. True or false?

A

TRUE

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35
Q

The compensatory response is never in the same direction as the original disturbance.
True or false?

A

FALSE

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36
Q

The anion gap consists of anions that are not measured. True or false?

A

TRUE

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37
Q

If the anion gap is increased, it could indicate a loss of bicarbonate and a subsequent
increase in unmeasured anions. True or false?

A

TRUE

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38
Q

What is the diagnosis for the following set of values?
Result A
pH 7.221
HCO3 32
PCO2 62

A

Respiratory acidosis

with partial metabolic compensation

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39
Q

What is the diagnosis for the following set of values?
Result A Result B Result C
pH 7.221 7.021 7.164
HCO3 8 11 8
PCO2 22 43 62

A

A: metabolic acidosis without respiratory compensation

B: Metabolic acidosis without respiratory compensation

C: Mixed metabolic acidosis and respiratory acidosis

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40
Q

What is the diagnosis for the following set of values?
Result A Result B
pH 7.521 7.812
HCO3 38 38
PCO2 45 22

A

A: metabolic alkalosis without respiratory compensation

B: Mixed metabolic alkalosis and respiratory alkalosis

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41
Q

You are given the following set of values for a dog with abdominal distress. What is the
diagnosis?
pH = 7.37
PCO2 = 34 mm Hg
HCO3 = 25 mEq/L

a. Primary metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation

b. Primary metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation

c. Primary respiratory alkalosis and metabolic alkalosis

d. Normal acid-base status

A

D

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42
Q

A cat has diarrhea and the following set of values from arterial blood. What is the
diagnosis?
pH = 7.27
PCO2 = 22 mm Hg
HCO3 = 14.3 mEq/L
PO2 = 90 mm Hg
BE = -12.5 mEq/L

a. Metabolic acidosis and respiratory acidosis (mixed acidosis)

b. Primary metabolic alkalosis with partial respiratory compensation

c. Primary metabolic acidosis and respiratory alkalosis

d. Metabolic alkalosis and respiratory alkalosis (mixed alkalosis)

A

C

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43
Q

In the GIT wall, which part of the mucosal layer has absorptive and secretory functions?
a. Epithelial cells
b. Lamina propria
c. Muscularis mucosa
d. Collagen

A

A

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44
Q

In the GIT wall, which muscle layer is thick and has many nerves?
a. Circular muscle layer
b. Longitudinal muscle layer
c. Deep fascial muscle layer
d. Endomysial muscle layer

A

A

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45
Q

Which ganglia in the GIT wall is also known as Auerbach’s plexus?
a. Submucosal plexus
b. Meissner’s plexus
c. Myenteric plexus

A

C

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46
Q

The intrinsic nervous system is contained within the submucosal and myenteric plexuses of
the GIT and is also known as the:
a. Extrinsic nervous system
b. Parasympathetic nervous system
c. Intrinsic nervous system

A

C

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47
Q

In the GIT, postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system may be
peptidergic and therefore release substances such as substance P. True or false?

A

TRUE

48
Q

In the GIT postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system can either synapse on
the myenteric or submucosal plexuses or directly innervate smooth muscle, endocrine or
secretory cells. True or false?

A

TRUE

49
Q

Which substance is considered a neuromodulator within the GIT?
a. Acetylcholine
b. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide
c. Norepinephrine
d. Pancreatic polypeptide

A

B

50
Q

Which substance is considered a major paracrine hormone?
a. Acetylcholine
b. Substance P
c. Somatostatin
d. Secretin

A

C

51
Q

Which substance is considered a neurocrine substance?
a. Histamine
b. Gastrin-releasing peptide
c. Gastrin
d. Cholecystokinin

A

B

52
Q

Little gastrin is secreted between meals and at low basal levels. True or false?

A

FALSE, BIG GASTRIC IS SECRETED BETWEEN MEALS

53
Q

Which GI hormone causes contraction of the gallbladder?
a. Cholecystokinin
b. Gastrin
c. Motilin
d. Enteroglucagon

A

A

54
Q

Which GI hormone stimulates secretion of biliary and pancreatic bicarbonate?
a. Glucagon-like peptide 1
b. Secretin
c. Cholecystokinin
d. Gastrin

A

B

55
Q

Which substance will stimulate insulin secretion?
a. Pancreatic polypeptide
b. Enteroglucagon
c. Gastric-inhibitory peptide
d. Somatostatin

A

C

56
Q

Which substance self-regulates pancreatic secretions; i.e., will inhibit pancreatic secretion of
bicarbonate and enzymes?
a. Glucagon-like peptide 1
b. Pancreatic polypeptide
c. Secretin
d. Gastric-inhibitory peptide

A

B

57
Q

What substance is released by orexigenic neurons in the feeding center of the brain?
a. Pro-opiomelanocortin
b. Peptide YY
c. Leptin
d. Neuropeptide Y

A

D

58
Q

Which substance stimulates anorexigenic neurons, thereby decreasing appetite?
a. Leptin
b. Ghrelin
c. Neuropeptide Y
d. Enteroglucagon

A

A

59
Q

Neural and hormonal input can influence the frequency of slow waves in the GIT. True or
false?

A

FALSE, NEURAL AND HORMONAL CAN ONLY INFLUENCE STRENGTH OF THE CONTRACTIONS IN SLOW WAVES

60
Q

In which area of the GIT wall do slow waves originate?
a. Submucosal plexus
b. Circular muscle
c. Myenteric plexus
d. Longitudinal muscle

A

C

61
Q

Which event occurs during the pharyngeal phase of swallowing?
a. Tongue forces bolus towards pharynx
b. Food is propelled through esophagus to stomach
c. Upper esophageal sphincter relaxes

A

C

62
Q

Which area of the stomach has the strongest contractions?
a. Orad region
b. Caudad region
c. Fundic region

A

B

63
Q

The vagovagal reflex has a role in relaxation of the orad stomach to receive a food bolus.
True or false?

A

TRUE

64
Q

Waves of contractions in the stomach become very vigorous as they reach the pylorus, at
which point retropulsion occurs to further mix and reduce particle size. True or false?

A

TRUE

65
Q

Which substance increases the force of slow waves in the stomach?
a. Gastrin
b. Secretin
c. Gastric-inhibitory peptide

A

A

66
Q

With what type of contractions in the large intestine are haustra associated?
a. Segmentation contractions
b. Peristaltic contractions
c. Primary contractions
d. Secondary contractions

A

A

67
Q

Which salivary gland secretes a mostly aqueous fluid with ions and enzymes?
a. Sublingual gland
b. Submandibular gland
c. Parotid gland

A

C

68
Q

Which duct in the salivary gland contains ductal cells that modify saliva?
a. Acinar duct
b. Striated duct
c. Intercalated duct
d. Serous duct

A

B

69
Q

Kallikrein is an enzyme that regulates blood flow in the salivary gland. True or false?

A

TRUE

70
Q

Which substance is lower in saliva compared to plasma?
a. Potassium
b. Bicarbonate
c. Sodium
d. Hydrogen

A

C

71
Q

Which substance is secreted into saliva?
a. Potassium
b. Sodium
c. Chloride
d. Hydrogen

A

A

72
Q

Ductal cells are permeable to water. True or false?

A

FALSE, DUCTAL CELLS ARE INPERMABLE TO WATER , SO WATER IS NOT ABSORBED AND SALIVA IS HYPOTONIC

73
Q

Which species has salivary amylase?
a. Cattle
b. Dogs
c. Horses
d. Pigs

A

D

74
Q

Salivary secretions are stimulated by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous
systems.

A

TRUE

75
Q

Which cells in the oxyntic glands of the stomach release intrinsic factor?
a. Chief cells
b. Parietal cells
c. Mucous neck cells
d. G cells

A

B

76
Q

What is secreted by G cells in the antrum of the stomach?
a. HCl
b. Intrinsic factor
c. Pepsinogen
d. Gastrin

A

D

77
Q

What transporter pumps H ions into the gastric lumen?
a. H+/K+ antiporter
b. Na+/H+ antiporter
c. H+/HCO3- antiporter
d. H+/Cl- symporter

A

A

78
Q

While Ach and gastrin stimulate HCl release from the stomach, they both also stimulate
histamine release. True or false?

A

TRUE

79
Q

During the gastric phase of HCl secretion, distention of the stomach and presence of protein
will both stimulate HCl release via gastrin. True or false?

A

TRUE

80
Q

What substance will indirectly inhibit HCl secretion by inhibiting both histamine and gastrin
release?
a. Somatostatin
b. Acetylcholine
c. Secretin
d. Gastrin

A

A

81
Q

What enzyme is used by H. pylori to increase the pH of its local environment in the
stomach?
a. Carbonic anhydrase
b. Protease
c. Urease
d. Pepsin

A

C

82
Q

Which pancreatic cells secrete the enzymatic portion of pancreatic juice?
a. Acinar cells
b. Ductal cells
c. Centroacinar cells
d. intercalated cells

A

A

83
Q

Which enzyme(s) is/are stored and secreted as zymogen granules?
a. Amylase
b. Proteases
c. Lipases

A

B

84
Q

Bile salts only help to emulsify lipids entering the SI – they do not help with absorption of
lipids. True or false?

A

FALSE, BILE SALTS ALSO HELP TO FORM MICELLES

85
Q

Where are most bile salts reabsorbed?
a. Duodenum
b. Jejunum
c. Ileum
d. Proximal LI

A

C

86
Q

What type of cells in the intestine secrete mucus?
a. Epithelial cells
b. Enterocytes
c. Goblet cells
d. G cells

A

C

87
Q

Which species consumes a natural diet high in cellulose?
a. Chickens
b. Dogs
c. Horses
d. Cats

A

C

88
Q

In what form must digested carbohydrates be absorbed into the enterocyte?
a. Polysaccharides
b. Disaccharides
c. Oligosaccharides
d. Monosaccharides

A

D

89
Q

Which enzyme cleaves bonds of oligosaccharides released from starch?
a. α-amylase
b. α-dextrinase
c. Maltase
d. Sucrase

A

B

90
Q

Which enzyme is strictly a microbial enzyme?
a. Cellulase
b. Lactase
c. α-dextrinase
d. Maltase

A

A

91
Q

What process is used for moving fructose from the lumen of the SI into the enterocyte?
a. H+/fructose co-transporter
b. Na+/fructose co-transporter
c. Facilitated diffusion via GLUT 5
d. Facilitated diffusion via GLUT 2

A

C

92
Q

Lactose intolerance results in osmotic diarrhea. True or false?

A

TRUE

93
Q

Which species has a dietary protein requirement only?
a. Horses
b. Cattle
c. Dog
d. Chicken

A

B

94
Q

A major role of HCl in the stomach is to cause unfolding of protein for exposure to pepsin.
True or false?

A

TRUE

95
Q

What enzyme coagulates milk and reduces rate of passage in the gastric stomach
(abomasum) of young ruminants?
a. Rennin
b. Renin
c. Pepsin
d. Trypsin

A

A

96
Q

What enzyme is present at the brush border membrane and releases amino acids from
peptides for absorption?
a. Carboxypeptidase A
b. Elastase
c. Chymotrypsin
d. Aminopeptidase

A

D

97
Q

The enterocyte can only absorb amino acids. True or false?

A

FALSE

98
Q

What transporter is defective or missing from the SI or kidneys in animals with cystinuria?
a. Na+/amino acid co-transporter
b. H+/di- and tri-peptide co-transporter
c. Amino acid channel
d. Na+/K+ ATPase

A

A

99
Q

What substance(s) is/are important for emulsification of lipids in the small intestine?
a. Lipase
b. Colipase
c. Bile salts

A

C

100
Q

What enzyme is necessary for digestion of triglycerides by lipase?
a. Phospholipase A2
b. Colipase
c. Cholesterol ester hydrolase
d. Gastric lipase

A

B

101
Q

How are lipid products packaged in the SI lumen in preparation for absorption into the
enterocyte?
a. Emulsion droplet
b. Micelle
c. Chylomicron
d. Vesicle

A

B

102
Q

Chylomicrons are absorbed from the enterocyte into the vascular capillaries. True or false?

A

FALSE

103
Q

Where are apoproteins located on the chylomicron?

A

AROUND THE OUTSIDE OF THE CHYLOMICRON, AS IT HELPS SOLUBILITY

104
Q

If the acidity of the chyme entering the SI is not neutralized, why is this a problem?

A

IF ACIDIC CONTENTS ARENT NEUTRALIZED, PANCREATIC ENZYMES WILL BE INACTIVATED AND DIGESTION CAN’T OCCUR

105
Q

How are most water-soluble vitamins absorbed in the SI?
a. Na+/dependent co-transport
b. H+/dependent co-transport
c. Facilitated diffusion
d. Vitamin channel

A

A

106
Q

What is required for absorption of vitamin B12 in the SI?

A

INTRINSIC FACTOR

107
Q

What is the form of vitamin D found in the liver?
a. Cholecalciferol
b. 25-hydroxycholecalciferol
c. 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol

A

B

108
Q

To what must iron bind in the enterocyte for transport into the blood?
a. Transferrin
b. Ferritin
c. Apoferritin
d. Heme

A

C

109
Q

t is important to reabsorb GIT secretions because these fluids comprise a substantial
fraction of the ECF volume. True or false?

A

TRUE

110
Q

Where are tight junctions “tight” within the GIT?
a. Stomach
b. Duodenum
c. Jejunum
d. Ileum

A

A

111
Q

How is Na+ absorbed in the jejunum?
a. Na+/H+ co-transporter
b. Na+/Cl- exchanger
c. Na+ dependent co-transporter (sugars, AA)
d. Na+/HCO3
- exchanger

A

C

112
Q

Where does net absorption of NaCl occur?
a. Duodenum
b. Jejunum
c. Ileum
d. Colon

A

C

113
Q

Where is Na+ absorption and K+ secretion “fine-tuned?”
a. Duodenum
b. Jejunum
c. Ileum
d. Colon

A

D

114
Q

What type of ion channel in the SI apical membrane is influenced by hormones,
neurotransmitters, and toxins?
a. Cl-
b. Na+
c. K+
d. H2O

A

A

115
Q

After stored glycogen in the liver is depleted, what process will begin in order to maintain
normal blood glucose levels?
a. Glycogenesis
b. Gluconeogenesis
c. Glycogenolysis
d. Glucogenolysis

A

B

2024 Vet physiology (74 decks)

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