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2024 Vet physiology > Exam 4: Lecture 54: Gastrointestinal Moltility > Flashcards

Exam 4: Lecture 54: Gastrointestinal Moltility Flashcards

1
Q

define motility

A

move things around and mix substances together

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2
Q

refers to the contractions and relaxation of walls and sphincters of the GIT

A

motility

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3
Q

contractile tissue of the GIT is composed of

A

smooth muscle

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4
Q

Pharynx, upper 1/3 of esophagus and external sphincter is composed of

A

striated muscle

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5
Q

what allows for very smooth contraction

A

unitary smooth muscle

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6
Q

cells are electrically coupled via gap junctions. This allows for fast ________

A

contraction

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7
Q

shortening of ring of smoot muscles is controlled by ________ muscles
- decreased diameter

A

circular

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8
Q

shortening in longitudinal direction is controlled by ________ muscles

A

longitudinal

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9
Q

decrease in diameter of segment and mixing of digestia is controlled by ________ muscle

A

circular

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10
Q

decrease length of segments that allows digestia to move along the esophagus controlled by ________ muscles

A

longitudinal

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11
Q

periodic contractions folled by relaxations is also called

A

phasic contraction

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12
Q

how do you maintain a constant level of contraction or tone without regular relaxation

A

tonic contraction

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13
Q

________ ________ are a unique feature of the GI smooth muscle

A

slow waves

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14
Q

oscillating depolarization and repolarization of membrane potnetial of smooth muscle cells are determine by ________ waves

A

slow

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15
Q

slow wave potential may or may not have bring membrane potential to ________

A

threshold

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16
Q

frequency of slow waves varies among

A

3-12/min

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17
Q

frequency of slow waves in the stomach are

A

3/min

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18
Q

the slowest slow waves are produced in the ________

A

stomach

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19
Q

frequency of slow waves in the duodenum are

A

12/min

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20
Q

where is the frequency of the wave determined

A

top of the wave

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21
Q

origin of slow waves are the ________ cells

A

cajal cells

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22
Q

intersitial cells of cajal is in the ________ plexus

A

myenteric plexus

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23
Q

depolarization occurs ________

A

spontaneously

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24
Q

once in cells, the message travels ________

A

rapidly

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25
Q

origin of the slow waves are considered the ________ of the GI smooth muscles

A

pacemaker

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26
Q

depolarization phase and maintence of the ________ is a mechanism of slow waves

A

plateau

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27
Q

at the top of the wave, Ca2+ (calcium channels) maintain the ________

A

plateau

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28
Q

opening of K+ channels starts ________

A

repolarization

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29
Q

chewing / mixing of food and addition of salvia makes it easier to ________

A

swallow

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30
Q

mixes ingested carbohydrates with salviary ________ during mastication

A

amylase

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31
Q

amylase breaks down

A

fat

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32
Q

initiated by food in the mouth

A

involuntary component

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33
Q

________ in mouth relay to brainstem when to define when something is present

A

mechanoreceptors

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34
Q

can override reflex chewing at any time

A

voluntary component

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35
Q

initiated voluntarily in the mouth is called ________

A

deglutition

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36
Q

receptors near ________ detect and send info via the vagus nerve and glossopharyngeal nerves

A

pharynx

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37
Q

swallowing center is controlled in the

A

medulla

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38
Q

voluntary at first, then becomes ________

A

involuntary

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39
Q

voluntary at first, then becomes involuntary is defined as the ________ phase

A

Oral phase

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40
Q

________: course bouls of food towards the back of mouth: lots of receptors and swallowing center = ________ swallowing takes over

A

tongue
involuntary

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41
Q

involuntary, propel bolus from mouth through the pharynx to esophagus in 4 steps is defined as

A

pharynx phase

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42
Q

controlled by swallowing reflex and the enteric nervous system is defined as

A

esophagus phase

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43
Q

propels bolus to the stomach and swallowing reflex to close upper esophageal ________

A

sphincter

44
Q

what is the first wave that moves food through the esophagus (push bolus)

A

primary peristaltic

45
Q

second wave used to move the rest of the food through if the primary wave does not get all of the food/bolus

A

secondary peristaltic

46
Q

what step is this in digestion:
- soft pallet pulled up = narrow passage
- bolus cant move to nasopharynx

A

1st step

47
Q

what step is this in digestion:
- epiglottis moves to cover opening to larynx
- larynx moves against epiglottis
- cover the opening of the trachea

A

2nd step

48
Q

what step is this in digestion:
- upper esophagus sphincter relaxes
- bolus passes from pharynx to esophagus

A

3rd step

49
Q

what step is this in digestion:
- get a parastolic
- propel bolus through sphincter
- once in ________ phase

A

4th step
esophageal

50
Q

esophageal motility is neeed to propel bolus from pharynx to the ________

A

stomach

51
Q

upper esophageal sphincter opens to allow bolus into ________, then closes

A

esophagus

52
Q

primary peristaltic ________ - creates high pressure area behind bolus

A

contraction

53
Q

as peristaltic wave and bolus reach the lower esophagus, it ________. also gets receptive relaxation of ________ region in stomach

A

opens
upper

54
Q

as peristaltic wave and bolus reach the lower esophagus, it open. also gets receptive relaxation of upper region in stomach. mediated by ________ and _______ . these ______ pressure in the stomach so the bolus is able to drop in

A

vagus nerve
neuromodulator (GDP)
lower

55
Q

where in the thorax is the pressure lowest

A

upper thorax

56
Q

where in the abdomen is the pressure higher

A

lower abdomen

57
Q

lower sphincter keeps content down to avoid ________ ________

A

gastric ulcers

58
Q

relaxation of ________ region in stomach to receive esophageal bolus

A

orad

59
Q

contraction reduces bolus size, and mix with ________ secretions

A

gastric

60
Q

gastric emptying - ________ enters small intestine: regulates hormones

A

chyme

61
Q

the fundus and body are ________ walled

A

thinned

62
Q

the body and pyloric regions are ________ walled

A

thick

63
Q

relaxation of orad stomach caused by relaxation of lower ________ sphincers

A

esophageal

64
Q

receptive relaxation reduces pressure, and ________ volume of stomach

A

increases

65
Q

receptive relaxation is done by what reflex involved

A

vagovagal reflex

66
Q

what receptors use afferent and effecrent reflexes

A

vagal nerve

67
Q

________ in the stomach detect extension. send info the CNS then signals back to the stomach

A

mechanoreceptors

68
Q

contractions and mixing in the stomach occrus in what region

A

caudad

69
Q

waves begin the middle of the ________ portion of the stomach and move ________ to the caudal stomach. increasing ________ to reach pylorus

A

body portion
distally
intensity

70
Q

term for when food/stuff is propelled back up to further reduce particle size

A

retropulsion

71
Q

short waves: ________ input and ________ cant alter frequency, but can alter contraction strength

A

neural input
hormones

72
Q

increase force via ________, gastrin and motilin

A

PSNS

73
Q

decrease force via ________, secretin, DIP

A

SNS

74
Q

migrating myoeletric complexes is mediated by ________

A

motilin

75
Q

motilin is important during ________ to help clean any remaining food

A

fasting

76
Q

mix ________ with enzymes and secretions is part of the goals of the SI motility

A

chyme

77
Q

expose ________ to the intestinal mucosa for absorption is part of the goals for the SI motility

A

nutrients

78
Q

propel ________ into the LI is part of the goals for the SI mtolity

A

chyme

79
Q

________ vagus nerve innervation increase contraction strength

A

PSNS

80
Q

________ via celiac and superior mesenteric ganglia - descrease contraction strength

A

SNS

81
Q

________ nervous sytem coordinates segmentation and peristaltic contractions “control”

A

enteric

82
Q

mix chyme to expose to ________ enzymes

A

pancreatic

83
Q

back and forth movement to mix, but no ________ movement

A

foward

84
Q

split digestia in half = ________ for digestia to remix by contraction of intestinal segment

A

relaxation

85
Q

peristaltic contractions prople chyme towards the ________

A

large intestine

86
Q

contraction behind bolus, relaxed in fron of bolus - need ________ and ________ muscles working together

A

circular
longitudinal

87
Q

bolus sensed by ________ cells = peristaltic reflex for moving chyme

A

enterochromaffin

88
Q

vomiting center is in the

A

medulla

89
Q

information from ________ system, back of throat, GIT and chemoreceptors trigger zone in 4th ventricle = vomiting center in medulla = ________ ________

A

vestibular system
vomiting reflex

90
Q

reverse ________ in the SI during vomiting relfex events

A

peristalsis

91
Q

relaxation of the ________ and ________ during vomiting relfex events

A

stomach and pylorus

92
Q

increased ________ pressure during vomiting relfex events

A

abdominal

93
Q

movement of larynx up, relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter and closure of the ________ during vomiting relfex events

A

glottis

94
Q

define forceful expulsion

A

throwing up

95
Q

define:
- upper esophageal sphincter remain closed, lower open, contents return to stomach when retch over

A

retching

96
Q

________ not digested and absrobed enter the large intestine

A

chyme

97
Q

iliocecal sphincter opens to allow contents into cecum, then ________ to close them

A

contracts

98
Q

contents move through ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon to rectum and ________ ________ in ruminants and pigs

A

anal canal

99
Q

segmentation contraction occur in ________ and ________ colon - associated with haustra

A

cecum
proximal colon

100
Q

define:
- sac-like segments
- mix in a side-to-center fashion

A

haustra

101
Q

inflammation of haustra in humans

A

diverticulitis

102
Q

where is water reabsorption and final movement into the cecum

A

large intestine

103
Q

rectum fills and smooth muscle wall contact is defined by

A

defecation

104
Q

internal and sphincter relaxes is defined as

A

defecation

105
Q

external anal sphincter tonically contracted until ________

A

defecation

106
Q

define:
- distention of the stomach increases the motility of the colon

A

gastrocolic reflex

107
Q

affernt limb in ________ and effernt in ________ = distension information is fed = colon more motile = increase poop

A

stomach
colon

2024 Vet physiology (74 decks)

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