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2024 Vet physiology > Exam 1: Lecture 11: Integumentary system > Flashcards

Exam 1: Lecture 11: Integumentary system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the largest organ in the body based on bulk

A

Skin

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2
Q

Which organ in the body protects from desiccation and environment + communicates with the environment

A

Skin

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3
Q

Which compartment of the skin is keratonized stratified squamous epithelial cells and mainly dead skin

A

Epidermis

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4
Q

Which compartment of the skin is collagenous, elastic, and reticular fibers that make smooth muscle and known as living tissue

A

Dermis

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5
Q

What is structure and thickness based on in animals

A

Breed
Age
Sex

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6
Q

What species of animals have the thickest skin structure

A

Cattle

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7
Q

Which species of animals have the thinnest skin structure?

A

Dogs

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8
Q

Stratum: corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, and basale are layers of what portion of skin

A

Epidermis

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9
Q

What structure of the epidermis is this?

  • water barrier
  • hoarding layer of dead keratonized cells
    Sheets of lipids - makes the water barrier
A

Stratum corneum

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10
Q

What structure of the epidermis is this?

  • thin hyaline layer
  • absent in most domestic animals except for hooved margins, teets, and perianal regions
A

Stratum lucidum

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11
Q

What structure of the epidermis is this?

  • transitional zone between viable cells below and keratonized cells above
  • nucleus are absent / abnormal
  • thickness varies based on species
A

Stratum granulosum

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12
Q

What structure of the epidermis is this?

  • prickle cell layer: cell junctions look like spines
A

Stratum spinosum

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13
Q

What structure of the epidermis is this?

  • keratinocytes
  • in contact with basement membrane of dermis below
  • very viable layer
A

Stratum basale

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14
Q

The following are cells or what portion of skin?

  • melanocytes
  • mast cells
  • langerhans cells
  • merkel cells
A

Epidermis

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15
Q

What cells of the epidermis is this?

  • melanin ligament in cytoplasm
  • dendritic process: keratonized acquire melanin: helps prevent sunburn
A

Melanocytes

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16
Q

What cells of the epidermis is this?

  • release heparin, histamine, and serotonin
  • anticoagulation: prevent blood from clotting
  • stimulate local inflammatory reactions to dispose of antigens
A

Mast cells

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17
Q

What cells of the epidermis is this?

  • take up antigens and present to T cells
  • particularly important in ruminants
  • produce lymphokines (IL-1)
A

Langerhans cells

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18
Q

What cells of the epidermis is this?

  • found in the epidermis with hairy surface, nail matrix, plasms and subepidermal mesenchyme
  • sensory receptors (close to nerve terminals)
A

Merkel cells

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19
Q

Which portion of the skin is fibrous connective tissue

A

Dermis

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20
Q

Where does the epidermis grow and obtain nutrients

A

Dermis

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21
Q

Which portion of the skin is interwoven pattern of collagen bundles crossing larger collagen fibers?

A

Dermis

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22
Q

Which portion of the skin contains Mucopolysaccharides?

A

Dermis

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23
Q

What are Mucopolysaccharides good for in the dermis?

A

Metabolism of cells
Controlling water and electrolytes
Calcification
Lubercation

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24
Q

What portion of the skin is loose fibrous connective tissue plus adipose tissue - fat cells that help insulate the skin and determined by hormones (estrogen)

A

Hypodermis

25
Q

What portion of the skin is loose fibrous connective tissue plus adipose tissue - fat cells that help insulate the skin and determined by hormones (estrogen)

A

Hypodermic

26
Q

What portion of the skin connects skin to muscle and bone

A

Hypodermis

27
Q

What is Body hair of animals good for?

A

Filter, insulator, protects against thermal and radiation injury, blunts and physical trauma

28
Q

What is tactile hair used for and where is it?

A

Thick hair above lips, close to nose, and very sensitive

29
Q

Body hair of animals is described as bulky and ?

A

Fibrous

30
Q

Define hair follicle of tactile hairs

A

Outer and inner dermal sheaths connected by trabeculae

31
Q

What hair is thin in animals with thick dense fur or hair and thick In humans

A

Stratum corneum

32
Q

What cells of the epidermis is this?

  • basal laminae secreted by basal cells of epidermis
  • reticular lamina made by connective tissue
  • fibrous component for cell-substrate adhesion
A

Basement membrane

33
Q

How does substances penetrate the skin?

A

Transepidermal and transappendageal

34
Q

What penetration method is known as
The barrier between stratum corneum and uppermost living layers
- prevents water and many electrolytes from moving through - if something get through there is no real further impediment to capillaries laymph

A

Transepidermal

35
Q

What penetration method is known as pilosebaceous apparatus (subaqueous glands, sebaceous gland duct and follicular epithelium)

A

Transappendageal

36
Q

What factors determine skin permeability

A

Lipid-protein structure of the cell membranes

Promotion of absorption

37
Q

What Lipid soluble substances penetrate the cell membranes?

A

alcohol
Keystones
Gases
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide

38
Q

How do water soluble substances Enter lipid protein structures of cell membranes

A

Cell membrane proteins - require a transport mechanism

39
Q

Increasing temperature, blood flow, mechanical trauma, application of organic solvents, and persistent hydration of stratum corneum promotes what?

A

Absorption

40
Q

__________ has continuous outward movement through the epidermis

A

Water

41
Q

__________ has continuous outward movement through the epidermis

A

Water

42
Q

Moves through sebaceous gland ducts
- percutaneous penetration of _________ in animals

A

Electrolytes

43
Q

What substances are absorbed rapidly and completely
- salicylic acid, fat soluble, vitamins, and sex hormones
- mercury, tin, copper (to a lesser degree)
- gases and volatile substances

A

Lipid soluble substances

44
Q

Which actinic irradiation of skin raises temperature within skin, activates sweat glands and increases blood flow?

A

Visible rays that penetrate deeply

45
Q

Which actinic irradiation of skin penetrate deeply, IRB and IRC reach epidermis

A

IRA

46
Q

Which actinic irradiation of skin penetrate mostly outer layers

A

UV rays

47
Q

Which UV subtype is responsible for sunburn

A

UVB

48
Q

Which UV subtype is responsible for aging and long term effect

A

UVA

49
Q

What is defined as UV light injuries epidermis cells

A

Sunburn

50
Q

What is caused by allergies or toxins from actions of sunlight on the skin

A

Photosensenitization

  • chemicals in drugs and plants
  • toxins in plants
51
Q

How is vitamin D3 produced in the skin via UVB radiation

A

7-dehydrocholesterol

52
Q

Which animals can synthesize vitamin D3 in the skin

A

Herbivores
Pigs
Chickens

53
Q

What is required for dogs and cats because they cannot synthesize vitamin D3 in the skin

A

Dietary vitamin D (D2)

54
Q

What type of sweat gland is described?

  • scent glands open into hair follicle
  • oily fluid containing proteins and lipids that mixes with sebum
  • dogs, cats, goats and pigs rely on this for limited function for dissipation of body heat
  • cattle, sheep and horses rely on this for partially dissipating body heat
A

Apocrine glands

55
Q

What type of sweat gland is described?

  • ducts open onto epidermal ridges at a sweat pore
  • secrete watery fluid hypotonic to plasma = evaporation important to thermal regulation
A

Eccrine / merocrine glands

56
Q

What type of sweat gland is described?

  • secreted coil embedded in dermis with duct pilosebaceous canal
  • coil lined with epithelium cells and myoepithelial cells (muscle cells)
  • important for thermoregulation
A

Apocrine glands

57
Q

What type of sweat gland is described?

  • coil in dermis with duct to surface of skin epidermis
  • coil lined with epithelial cells and myoepithelial cells
A

Eccrine glands

58
Q

What is thermoregulatory sweating

A
  • Warmed blood from periphery arrives at the brain and stimulates the hypothalamic thermoregulatory center = helps move blood towards the skin
  • afferent nerve impulse from periphery stimulate the thermoregulatory center in the brain via a reflex mechanism

2024 Vet physiology (28 decks)

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