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2024 Vet physiology > Exam 4: Lecture 53: Gastrointestinal Regulatory Substances > Flashcards

Exam 4: Lecture 53: Gastrointestinal Regulatory Substances Flashcards

1
Q

what organ does the following describe
- contraction/relaxation of smooth muscles and sphincters
- secretion of enzymes, fluid and electrolytes
- trophic effects on tissues
- secretion of other GI hormones

A

GI tract functions

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2
Q

-
-
-

A
  • GI peptides
  • hormones
  • neurocrines
  • paracrine
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3
Q

functions of the GI tract

A
  • contraction/relaxation of smooth muscles and sphincters
  • secretion of enzymes, fluid and electrolytes
  • trophic effects on tissues
  • secretion of other GI hormones
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4
Q

what is the purpose of trophic effects on tissues

A

growth hormones

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5
Q

secretion of other GI peptides cause

A
  • hormone release of other hormones
  • negative feedback mechanism
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6
Q

GI peptides can be

A

hormones
paracrines
neurocrines

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7
Q

define endocrine

A

travels in the blood

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8
Q

define paracrine

A

acts on/where it was secreted

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9
Q

GI peptides released from _______ cells of the GIT, not ____

A

endocrine cells
NOT glands

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10
Q

GI peptides enter _____ _______, liver, ______ ______ , and target cells

A

portal circulation
systemic circulation

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11
Q

four GI hormones

A
  • gastrin
  • CCK
  • secretin
  • GIP
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12
Q

GI paracrine are released from ____ and act on ______

A

endocrine cells
locally within same tissue that secretes them

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13
Q

Major GI paracrine hormine is

A

somatistatin

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14
Q

what is the purpose of somatostatin hormone

A

inhibitory actions if the GIT always

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15
Q

GI neurocrines are synthesized in neurons of GIT and released after an _____ _____

A

action potential

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16
Q

the following are major ______
- Ach
- NE
- VIP
- GRP
- substance P
- neuropeptide Y

A

neurocrines

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17
Q

GI hormones are secreted in response to _______ ______ carried in blood to distant site

A

physiological stimulus

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18
Q

GI hormones functions ________ of neural activity

A

independent

*because it uses portal vein and not the neural stem

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19
Q

gastrin functions to promote _______ ion secretion by gastric parietal cells, stimulate the growth of gastric mucosa, increase gastric motility

A

hydrogen

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20
Q

gastrin functions to promote hydrogen ion secretion by gastric _______ cells, stimulate growth of gastric mucosa, increase gastric motility

A

parietal cells

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21
Q

gastrin functions to promote hydrogen ion secretion by gastric parietal cells, stimulate ______ of gastric mucosa, increase gastric motility

A

growth

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22
Q

gastrin functions to promote hydrogen ion secretion by gastric parietal cells, stimulate growth of gastric mucosa, increase gastric _______

A

motility

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23
Q

gastrin is secreted by _______ in the stomach

A

G cells

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24
Q

_______ gastrin is secreted between meals and secreted at low basal levels

A

big

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25
Q

_______ gastrin is secreted in reponse to a meal and in the presence of amino acids and distenion of the stomach

A

little

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26
Q

gastrin caused GRP release from vagal nerves onto G cells from _______ _______ reflex

A

local vagal reflex

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27
Q

define negative feedback

A

desired response of hormones you need causes another hormone or itself to stop/decrease

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28
Q

inhibition of gastrin secretion by _______ gastric pH and _______

A

low gastric pH
somatostatin

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29
Q

what is the diease
- gastrinoma in non beta-cell pancreas (gastrin secreting tumor developing in pancreas)
- humans, dogs, and cats
- increase in hydrogen secretion and hypertrophy of gastric mucosa

A

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

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30
Q

CCK is secreted by _______ of duodenal and jejunal mucosa

A

I cells

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31
Q

CCK is secreted by I cells of _______ and _______ mucosa

A

duodenal
jujunal

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32
Q

_______ is secreted in response to presence of fatty acids, amino acids and peptides

A

CCK

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33
Q

CCK effect on constriction of gallbladder

A

eject bile into the small intestines
amulsify lipids

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34
Q

considered the first step of digestion

A

constriction of gallbladder

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35
Q

CCK effect of secretion of pancreatic enzymes

A

release fatty acids from fat
release amylase from starch
release protease from proteins

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36
Q

CCK effect on secretion of bicarbonate from pancreas

A

buffer pH entering the small intestine
protect SI from acids

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37
Q

Enzymes DO NOT work at _______ pH

A

low

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38
Q

CCK effect on growth of exocrine pancreas and gallbladder

A

pancreas releases exocrine and endocrine release HCO3- and insulin

39
Q

CCK effect on inhibition of gastric emptying

A

increase gastric emptying time

40
Q

what does an increase in gastric emptying time cause

A

longer to empty from the stomach to the intestines
decrease reabsorption of nutrients and digestion

41
Q

secretin is released from ________

A

S cells

42
Q

S cells are secreted from the ________ which releases secretin

A

duodenum

43
Q

secreted in response H ions and fatty acids present in the small intestine

A

secretin

44
Q

stimulates secretion of pancreatic and billary HCO3-

A

secretin

45
Q

inhibits gastric release from G cells in the stomach

A

secretin

46
Q

secretin inhibits gastric release from ________ cells in the stomach

A

G cells

47
Q

H ions and fatty acids present in small intestine - sense pH = release secretion = increase secretion of ________ and ________ release of HCO3-

A

bile release
pancreatic release

48
Q

secreted by K cells of duodenal and jejunum

A

GIP

49
Q

what is GIP

A

Gastric inhibiting peptide

50
Q

secreted in response to glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids

A

GIP

51
Q

stimulates insulin secretion

A

GIP

52
Q

oral glucose load stimulates ________, intervenous glucose DOES NOT

A

GIP

53
Q

inhibits gastric H ion secretion and gastric emptying
- inhibit gastrin release

A

GIP

54
Q

decrease in blood glucose by tissues, removing glucose from the blood, and increase in uptake of nutrients. All resulting from

A

insulin

55
Q

where are candidate hormones secreted?

A

GIT

56
Q

secreted by the upper duodenum during fasting

A

motilin

57
Q

Define:
- increase motility of GI tract
- start to inter digestive myoelectric complexes at 90 min. intervals

A

motilin

58
Q

sweep entire intestine and make waves because intestines are not completely empty. happens around every 90 minutes

A

motilin

59
Q

secreted by pancreas in response to ingestion of carbs, proteins, and lipids

A

pancreatic polypeptide

60
Q

self regulates pancreatic secretions - inhibts pancreatic secretion of HCO3- and enzymes

A

pancreatic polypeptides

61
Q

secreted by intestinal cells in response to decreased blood glucose

A

enterglucagon

62
Q

decrease blood glucose need to increase before ________. so ________ stimulates the liver to start gluconolosis

A

meals
enterglucagon

63
Q

define gluconolysis

A

breakdown of glucagon

64
Q

define gluconeogenesis

A

production of synthesis of new glucose

65
Q

secreted by L cells in the small intestine

A

GLP-1

66
Q

stimulates insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells

A

GLP-1

67
Q

secreted in repsonse to nutrient ingestion

A

GLP-1

68
Q

inhibit glucagon secretion

A

GLP-1

69
Q

inhibit appetite

A

GLP-1

70
Q

what does GLP-1 stand for

A

glucagon-like peptide-1

71
Q

GI paracrines act on:

A

locally and DO NOT enter circulation

72
Q

secreted by D cells in GI mucosa

A

somatostatin

73
Q

secreted in repsonse to decrease luminal pH

A

somatostatin

74
Q

inhibits secretion of other GI hormones and gastric H ions secretoin

A

somatostatin

75
Q

major secretion from H-ion secreting area of the stomach

A

histamine

76
Q

stimulates H ions secretions by gastric pariental cells

A

histamine

77
Q

synthesized in cell bodies of GI neurons

A

GI neurocrines

78
Q

action potentional causes release of ________

A

neurocrines

79
Q

released from cholinergic neurons

A

Ach

80
Q

released from adrenergic neurons

A

NE

81
Q

one release point for ________: postganglionic non-choninergic PSNS neurons
- VIP
- GRP
- Enkephalins
- Neuropeptide Y
- Substance P

A

neuromodulators

82
Q

controls appetite and feeding repsonse

A

satiety

83
Q

decrease appetite even in presence of food

A

satiety center

84
Q

located in ventromedial nucleas (VNP) of hypothalamus

A

satiety center

85
Q

anorexigenix neurons release pro-opioelanocortin (POMC)

A

satiety center

86
Q

located in a later hypothalamic area (LHA)

A

feeding center

87
Q

orexigenic neurons release neuropeptide Y and increase appetite

A

feeding center

88
Q

stimulates anorexigenic neurons (decreases appetite)

A
  • leptin
  • insulin
  • GLP-1
  • Peptide YY
89
Q

secreted by fat cells

A

leptin

90
Q

released from the pancreas

A

insulin

91
Q

synthesized and secreted by intestinal L cells

A

GLP-1

92
Q

secreted by intestinal L cells following meal

A

peptide YY

93
Q

stimulates orexigenic neurons (increases appetite)

A

Ghrelin

94
Q

secreted by gastric cells

A

Ghrelin

2024 Vet physiology (74 decks)

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