Exam 1:Quiz 1 and 2: Lecture 1-20 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the interstitial fluid volume (L) of a sheep weighing 77 kg? Show your work, include units in your answer, and round to one decimal place for full credit.

A

Your Answer:
77 kg x 16% of interstitial fluid

77 kg x 0.16 of I.F. = 12.32 L = 12.3 L of interstitial fluid for a 77kg sheep

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2
Q

which substance is a major anion in the ICF?

A

organic phosphate

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3
Q

which transporter indirectly uses energy by using the Na+ gradient to transport gluose against its conentration gradient?

A

Na+/ glucose co-transporter (SGLT 1)

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4
Q

If a cell with normal osmolarity is placed into an extracellular solution with an osmolarity of 240 mOsm/L, where will water move via osmosis?

A

water will move from the extracellular solution into the cell

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5
Q

How would a solution of 270 mOsm/L be described when compared to a solution of 250 mOsm/L?

A

hyperosmotic

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6
Q

Solution A has an osmolarity of 245 mOsm/L and Solution B has an osmolarity of 230 mOsm/L. Which solution has greater osmotic pressure?

A

solution A

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7
Q

Which ion is most commonly responsible for depolarizing the membrane potential?

A

Na+

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8
Q

Which event(s) is/are associated with repolarization? More than one may be correct.

  • closing of Na+ inactivation gates
  • opening of Na+ activation gates
  • opening of K+ channels
  • closing of K+ channels
A

closing of Na+ inactivation gates

opening of K+ channels

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9
Q

Which characteristic would allow an action potential to propagate the farthest?

A

internal resistance low

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10
Q

Which neurotransmitter is considered to be inhibitory?

A

glycine

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11
Q

Which neurotransmitter is excitatory and can use either ionotropic or metabotropic receptors?

A

glutamate

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12
Q

What is the second messenger that, along with calcium, will activate protein kinase C in the phospholipase C system?

A

DAG

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13
Q

Which type of axon would carry motor signals to skeletal muscle?

A

somatic efferent

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14
Q

Which area of the CNS is the “intermediate” in receiving sensory information to pass on to the cerebrum?

A

brainstem

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15
Q

Which major division of the CNS contains the hypothalamus, which is involved in regulation of hormone secretion from the pituitary gland?

A

forebrain

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16
Q

All preganglionic neurons in the autonomic nervous system release what neurotransmitter

A

Acetylcholine

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17
Q

Where are the cell bodies of PSNS preganglionic neurons located?

A

brainstem or spinal cord

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18
Q

Which adrenergic receptor will cause relaxation of smooth muscle when stimulated?

A

beta 2

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19
Q

Which adrenergic receptor causes inhibition of neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic terminal?

A

Alpha 2

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20
Q

Which receptor(s) is/are stimulatory in the PSNS and use the phospholipase C signaling pathway?

A

M1, M3, and M5

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21
Q

To which subunit of troponin does calcium bind when intracellular calcium concentration rises?

A

troponin C

22
Q

Within the myofibril, where does the force of contraction develop?

A

A band

23
Q

How does extracellular calcium enter cardiac cells during a muscle contraction?

A

L-type calcium channels

24
Q

Which structure(s) replace(s) sarcomeres in smooth muscle?

A

dense bodies

25
Q

Which enzyme changes myosin head conformation to allow it to bind actin in smooth muscle?

A

myosin light-chain kinase

26
Q

Which vascular bed has the highest cross-sectional area?

A

capillaries

27
Q

what ditermies blood distribution to tissues

A

oxygen demand

28
Q

in which vessels does control of blood flow mainly occur

A

arterioles

29
Q

the hearts of all species are able to maintain complete seperation between oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

true / false

A

flase

30
Q

what happens to resistance in a blood vessel as radius of the vessel increases

A

decreases

31
Q

You have the following information on a patient: systolic arterial blood pressure = 120 mm Hg, diastolic arterial blood pressure = 75 mm Hg, and heart rate = 85 BPM. What is the mean arterial pressure? You must show your work and include correct units to receive full credit.

A

75 mm Hg + 1/3 (systolic BP - diastolic BP)

75 mm Hg + 1/3 ( 120 mm Hg - 75 mm Hg) = 90 mm Hg

32
Q

You have the following information on a dog: end-diastolic volume = 35 mL, end-systolic volume = 19 mL, and heart rate = 70 BPM. What is cardiac output? You must show your work and include correct units to receive full credit.

A

( end-diastolic - end-systolic) x HR = X

(35 mL - 19 mL ) x 70 BPM = 1210 mL/min

33
Q

A 440 kg horse has an end-diastolic volume of 740 mL and a stroke volume of 520 mL. What is the ejection fraction? You must show your work and include units (%) to receive full credit.

A

stroke volume / end-diastolic volume = x

520 mL / 740 mL = 0.70 x 100 = 70%

34
Q

A 20 kg lamb has an end-diastolic volume = 45 mL, end-systolic volume = 12 mL, and heart rate of 90 bpm. What is stroke volume? You must show your work and include correct units for full credit.

A

end-diastolic volume - end-systolic volume = x

45 mL - 12 mL = 33 mL

35
Q

For most species, aortic pressure averages __________________ and right atrial pressure averages ___________________.

A

80-120 mm Hg, 0-5 mm Hg

36
Q

Which ion is responsible for the upstroke in Phase 0 of a cardiac action potential?

A

sodium

37
Q

Which receptors are used by the sympathetic nervous system to increase heart rate, conduction velocity, and contractility?

A

Beta-1 receptors

38
Q

As heart rate increases, intracellular Ca concentrations increase due to more Ca entering cell and more action potentials per unit time

true or false

A

true

39
Q

Besides an increase in pressure, what else occurs during isovolumetric contraction of the left ventricle?

A

valves are closed, so volume remains constant

40
Q

When the left ventricle contracts and the mitral valve closes, this coincides with:

A

the first heart sound

41
Q

What portion of the ECG represents depolarization of the atria?

A

P wave

42
Q

What is the function of baroreceptors located in the walls of the carotid sinus and aortic arch?

A

respond quickly to keep arterial pressure constant

43
Q

During the effective refractory period, a stimulus may locally excite the tissue, but conduction of an action potential can’t occur – some Na+ channels are starting to open during this period.

true or false

A

true

44
Q

Which type of blood vessel holds the unstressed volume?

A

veins

45
Q

What is the primary force causing fluid movement (filtration) out of the capillaries?

A

coronary
cerebral
pulmonary

46
Q

If tension in the ventricular wall decreases, myocardial oxygen consumption increases.

A

false

47
Q

Based on radius, which vessels would have the greatest resistance?

A

capillaries

48
Q

Which factor would be most likely to cause fluid to move out of capillaries and into tissues?

A

high interstitial oncotic pressure

49
Q

What is the heart rate if the RR interval is 325 msec?

A

185 bpm

50
Q

If a substance has a negative ionotropic effect on the heart, what happens to contractility?

A

decrease