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2024 Vet physiology > Exam 4: Lecture 52: Structure and Innervation of Gastrointestinal tract > Flashcards

Exam 4: Lecture 52: Structure and Innervation of Gastrointestinal tract Flashcards

1
Q

The functions below are for ________
- digestion
- absorption

A

gastointestinal tract

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2
Q

general activities to accomplish digestion and absorption

A

motility
secretions
digestion
nutrients absorbed

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3
Q

good nutrition and properly functioning ________ tract is key to ________

A

GIT
good health

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4
Q

purpose of the mouth

A

acquire/gather food
break down food = decrease particle size

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5
Q

purpose of the esophagus

A

transport

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6
Q

purpose of the stomach

A

protein breakdown
mixing food
decrease particle size

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7
Q

purpose of the small intestine

A

absorption of vitamins and minerals
digestion of stratch, lipids, and protein

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8
Q

where does the absorption of vitamins and minerals occur

A

small intestine

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9
Q

where does the digestion of starch, lipids, and proteins

A

small intestine

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10
Q

purpose of the large intestine

A

water and fluids reabsorption

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11
Q

fermentation of ________ occurs in the large intestine

A

fiber

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12
Q

purpose of the anus

A

exit/removal for food

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13
Q

define the organ:
- buffering
- breakdown
- digestion of carbohydrates and fats

A

salivary glands

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14
Q

salivary glands are responsible for the digestion of ________ and ________

A

carbohydrates
fats

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15
Q

define the organ:
- bulk of digestion
- buffering
- enzymes made here

A

pancreas

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16
Q

defined as the first pass of metabolism

A

liver

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17
Q

receives all nutrients absorbed from the gut then moved towards the portal vein

A

liver

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18
Q

store bile

A

gallbladder

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19
Q

pigs are defined as ________ fermentors

A

hind gut

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20
Q

pigs are defined as simple ________ GIT

A

monogastric

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21
Q

two surfaces of the GIT wall

A

mucosal
serosal

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22
Q

mucosal wall faces the ________

A

lumen

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23
Q

serosal wall faces the ________

A

blood

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24
Q

layers of the mucosal layer

A

epithelial cells
lamina propia
muscularis mucosae

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25
Q

define:
- absorption and secretion
- slugged off and replaced often (every few days)

A

epithelial cells

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26
Q

define:
- connective tissue and some blood vessels and lymph vessels

A

lamina propia

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27
Q

define:
- smooth muscle layer
- changes shape and surface of the epithelial

A

muscularis mucosae

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28
Q

submucosal layer contains

A

collagen
elastin
glands
blood vessels

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29
Q

two layers of smooth muscles

A

circular muscle
longitudinal muscle

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30
Q

define circular muscle

A

thicker
contains more nerves

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31
Q

define longitudinal muscle

A

thinner
contains fewer nerves

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32
Q

where is the submucosal and myenteric plexus (ganglion) located

A

in the nervous system of the GIT

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33
Q

between the submucosa layer and circular muscle

A

submucosal plexus

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34
Q

between circular muscle and longitudinal layers

A

myenteric plexus

35
Q

sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation

A

extrinsic component

36
Q

begins in the esophagus and extends (ends) at the anus

A

intrinsic component

37
Q

influenced by extrinsic/communicates with extrinsic

A

intrinsic component

38
Q

the extrinsic and intrinsic components are part of the ________ nervous system

A

autonomic

39
Q

contained within the submucosal and myenteric plexus of the GI wall

A

intrinsic component

40
Q

another name for the intrinsic component is ________

A

enteric

41
Q

________ can operate independently of the brain and spinal cord

A

enteric

42
Q

________ component functions even if the vagus nerve is severed

A

enteric

43
Q

________ acts as a fast internal response to internal stimulus

A

enteric

44
Q

the enteric nervous system can control functions of the GIT in the absence of an extrinsic system via ________ arcs

A

short reflex

45
Q

enteric nervous system is located in the ganglia of ________ and ________ plexus

A

myenteric
submucosal

46
Q

which ganglion also receives input from PSNS and SNS systems

A

enteric NS

47
Q

which ganglion also receives sensory in mucosa directly from receptors in mucosa and can send motor information directly to smooth muscle, secretory, and endocrine cells

A

enteric NS

48
Q

enteric ganglion also receives ______ in mucosa directly from receptors in the mucosa and can send _______ information directly to smooth muscle, secretory, and endocrine cells

A

sensory
motor

49
Q

enteric ganglion also receives sensory in mucosa __________ receptors in the mucosa and can send motor information ________ smooth muscle, secretory, and endocrine cells

A

directly from
directly to

50
Q

enteric complex communicate with each other through inner neurons and the SNS by the ________, ________, and ________ nerves

A

vagus
splanic
pelvic

51
Q

enteric controls ________, ________, and ________ functions of GIT

A

contractile
secretory
endocrine

52
Q

enteric neurons release both ________ and ________

A

neurotransmitters
neuromodulators

53
Q

wall stretch, nutrient concentration, osmolarity, pH and anything that causes irritation causes a response from the ________ nervous system

A

enteric

54
Q

neurocrines are found in the

A

enteric nervous system

55
Q

define:
- usually secreted along with neurotransmitters
- can act to increase/decrease the amount of neurotransmitters released
- can act to modify the response of post-synaptic cells

A

neuromodulators

56
Q

neuromodulators are usually secreted along with

A

neurotransmitters

57
Q

neuromodulators can increase or decrease the amount of neurotransmitters ________

A

released

58
Q

most neurons of the enteric nervous system can secrete two or more ________

A

neurocrines

59
Q

supplied by the vaugs nerve and the pelvic nerve

A

PSNS

60
Q

innervates the upper GIT

A

vagus nerve

61
Q

innervates the lower GIT

A

pelvic nerve

62
Q

upper GI tract:
- a striated muscle in the upper 3rd of the esophagus, wall of the stomach, SI and ascending colon
- what nerve innervates the list above

A

vagus nerve

63
Q

lower GI tract:
- striated muscle of external anal colon, walls of transverse descending and sigmoid colon
- what nerve innervates the list above

A

pelvic nerve

64
Q

PSNS has ________ preganglionic fibers synapsing in gangion and _____ or _______ target organs

A

long
in or near

65
Q

PSNS ganglion are located in ______ and ______ plexuses within the wall of the GIT

A

myenteric
submucosal

66
Q

classified as cholinergic or peptidergic

A

post ganglion of PNS

67
Q

cholinergic releases

A

Ach

68
Q

peptidergic releases ________ a vasoactive inhibitory peptide (VIP)

A

substance P

69
Q

what are the reflexes in which both afferent and efferent limbs are contained in the vagus nerve

A

vagovagal reflexes

70
Q

which limbs are contained within the reflexes of the vagus nerve

A

afferent
efferent

71
Q

afferent limbs in vagus nerve deliver ________ information from peripheral receptors to the CNS

A

sensory

72
Q

afferent limbs in vagus nerve deliver sensory information from __________ receptors to the ______

A

peripheral
CNS

73
Q

efferent fibers in vagus nerve deliver ______ information from CNS to target tissues

A

motor

74
Q

efferent fibers in vagus nerve deliver motor information from ______ to _______ tissues

A

CNS
target tissues

75
Q

percent of afferent and efferent limbs in the vagus nerve of the PSNS

A

afferent = 75%
efferent = 25%

76
Q

SNS has ______ preganglionic fibers that synapse outside of the GIT

A

short

77
Q

SNS has short preganglionic fibers target synapse ______ of the GIT

A

outside

78
Q

sympathetic ganglion serves which portions of the GIT

A

celiac
cranial mesenteric
caudal mesenteric
hypogastric

79
Q

post ganlia of sympathetic innervation leaves these ganglia and synapse on ganglia in the myenteric and submucosal plexuses or they can directly innervate smooth muscle, endocrine or ________ cells

A

secretory

80
Q

amount of sympathetic nerve fibers afferent and efferent

A

afferent = 50%
efferent = 50%

81
Q

Ach and NE are considered

A

neurotransmitters

82
Q

VIP, GRP, opiates, neuropeptide Y, and substance P and considered

A

neuromodulators

83
Q

delete

A

delete

2024 Vet physiology (74 decks)

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