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2024 Vet physiology > Exam 2 material > Flashcards

Exam 2 material Flashcards

1
Q

Which type of nephron has glomeruli in the outer cortex and Loops of Henle descending into the outer medulla?

A

superficial cortical nephron

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2
Q

Which special blood vessels surround the Loop of Henle in juxtamedullary nephrons and help establish the osmotic gradient in the inner medulla?

A

vasa recta

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3
Q

Within which body fluid compartment will a loss or gain of water and/or electrolytes initially occur?

A

extracellular fluid compartment

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4
Q

if water only is lost from the ECF, what will be the response?

A

water moved from the ICF to the ECF

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5
Q

what effect do locally produced prostaglandins have on RBF

A

increase

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6
Q

If a substance has a clearance ratio of 1.0, how is this substance handled in the kidney? Choose all that apply.

A

filtered

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7
Q

Which renal arteriole is more sensitive to angiotensin 2?

A

efferent arterioles

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8
Q

Which layer or part of the glomerular capillary keeps plasma proteins from diffusing into Bowman’s space in normal, healthy animals?

A

basement membrane

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9
Q

In glomerular capillaries, which Starling force opposes filtration and is responsible for contributing to reabsorption in the peritubular capillaries?

A

oncotic pressure in glomerular capillary

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10
Q

In renal failure, what happens to the BUN:creatinine ratio?

A

ratio doesnt change, both values increase

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11
Q

You have received the following renal measurements for a 29 kg dog. Calculate RPF and report your answer per kg of BW. Show your work, round your answer to one decimal place, and include correct units for full credit.

V = 2.7 mL/min

Pinulin = 3.0 mg/mL; Uinulin = 90 mg/mL

PPAH = 4 mg/mL; UPAH = 400 mg/mLRPF = (UPAH X V) / PPAH

A

RPF = (UPAH X V) / PPAH

RPF = (400 mg/mL x 2.7 mL/min) / 4 mg/mL

RPF = 270 mL/min

RBF / BW

270 mL /min / 29 kg

9.3 mL/min/kg

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12
Q

In glucosuria caused by diabetes mellitus, how would plasma glucose compare to the reference range?

A

high relative to the reference range

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13
Q

As tubular fluid moves up the thin and thick ascending limb, what happens to its osmolarity?

A

it becomes hypo-osmotic

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14
Q

In what part of the nephron will thiazide diuretics prevent NaCl reabsorption?

A

early distal tubule

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15
Q

In alkalemia, which statement applies?

A

potassium enters the cell
hydrogen leaves the cell

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16
Q

On a normal to high potassium diet, K+ will be secreted by principal cells in the distal tubule and collecting ducts using H+/K+ ATPase.

true or false

A

false

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17
Q

What effect does vitamin D3 have on phosphorus balance?

A

increases phosphate retention

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18
Q

In what areas of the nephron is calcium reabsorption tightly coupled to sodium reabsorption? Choose all that apply.

A

proximal tubule
thick ascending limb

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19
Q

Ultimately, what effect does ADH have on osmolarity in the interstitial space?

A

increase osmolarity

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20
Q

Within the nephron, where is urea secreted into the tubular fluid?

A

thin descending limb

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21
Q

In what form is phosphrus needed to accept and buffer H+ in tubular fluid

A

HPO42-

22
Q

Which amino acid is deaminated in the proximal tubule cell to ultimately accept H+ ions in the tubular fluid and trap it for excretion in urine?

A

Glutamate

23
Q

What effect would you predict an increase in sympathetic nervous system activity to have on RBF and GFR?

A

Decreases both RBF and GFR

24
Q

what do we need to know in order to calculate RBF?

A

Hematocrit
RPF

25
Q

Which organism excretes the largest fractional percentage of its nitrogenous waste as ammonia?

A

Larval salamander

26
Q

Alveoli do not contain cilia to help remove dust and debris that reaches the lower airways, so how do they remove the irritants?

A

alveolar macrophages

27
Q

To calculate alveolar ventilation, what must be measured?

A

physiologic dead space

28
Q

As alveolar ventilation increases, more CO2 is pulled out of the blood. What happens to PaCO2 and PACO2 values?

A

Both values decrease

29
Q

A 6 kg cat has a tidal volume of 8 mL/kg and a minute volume of 1200 mL. What is the respiratory rate for this cat? Show your work and include correct units for full credit.

A

BW x 8mL/kg = VT

6 kg x 8 mL / kg = 48 mL

1200 mL/min x 48 mL/breath

25 breaths / min

30
Q

What is the approximate partial pressure of oxygen if the barometric pressure is 600 mm Hg and the FIO2 is 40%? Show your work and include correct units for full credit.

A

atmospheric pressure x FIO2 = partial pressure of O2

600 mmHg x 40% (0.4) = 240 mmHg

240 mmHg of partial pressure of oxygen

31
Q

When the lungs inflate, how does intrapleural pressure change?

A

becomes negative

32
Q

If the total amount of gas transported across the alveolar/capillary barrier is limited by blood flow through the pulmonary capillaries, this is called diffusion-limited gas exchange.

A

false

33
Q

What is the partial pressure of oxygen in a gas containing 35% oxygen at sea level (atmospheric pressure)? Show your work and include correct units for full credit.

A

atmospheric pressure x % O2 at sea level = Partial Pressure of O2 in a gas

760 mmHg x 35% (0.35) = 266 mmHg

266 mmHg of partial pressure of oxygen in a gas

34
Q

In tissues, the partial pressure of oxygen in blood has fallen to 40 mm Hg. What is a reason oxygen continues to dissociate from hemoglobin and enter the tissues?

A

PO2 in tissues is low relative to blood

35
Q

A 440 kg horse has a respiratory rate of 12 breaths/minute. What is this horse’s tidal volume and minute volume? You should have two answers and you must include the correct units on both answers and show your work to receive full credit.

A

BW x 10 mL/kg = VT

440 kg x 10 mL/kg = 4,400 mL VT

4,400 mL VT x 12 bpm = 52,800 mL/min VT

52,800 ml/min or 52.8 L/min

36
Q

How would ventilation be described in a V/Q mismatch where the ratio is low?

A

Low ventlation

37
Q

which situation can cause hypoxia?

A

Decreased cardic output

38
Q

Which respiration pattern is characterized by changing rates and depths with some apneic periods?

A

Cheyne-Stoke’s

39
Q

A 60 kg dog has a PaCO2 of 40 mmHg, a PECO2 of 35 mmHg, and tidal volume of 10 mL/kg. What is the physiologic dead space? Show your work and include correct units for full credit.

A

BW x 10 mL/kg = VT

60 kg x 10 mL/kg = 600 mL tidal volume

(600 mL VT x (40 mmHg - 35 mmHg)) / 40 mmHg = 75 mL

75 mL of physiological dead space

40
Q

What is the alveolar ventilation (VA) in a 400 kg horse with a respiratory rate (RR) of 12 breaths per minute, a PaCO2 of 50 mm Hg, and an ETCO2 of 25 mm Hg? Show your work and include correct units for full credit.

A

BW x 10ml/kg = VT

400kg x 10mL/kg = 4,000 mL

4,000 mL (50 mmHg - 25 mmHg) / 50 mmHg = 20,000 mL of dead space

4,000 mL - 20,000 of dead space x 12 bpm = 24,000 mL

24,000 mL of alveolar ventilation

41
Q

what happens to the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve during exercise?

A

shifts to the right

42
Q

Which characteristic is represented in the mammalian respiratory system, but not in avian species?

A

compliant lung

43
Q

what is implied if a buffer has a low pKa value?

A

it is a strong acid

44
Q

what is a common cause of metabolic alkalosis?

A

acute vomiting

45
Q

Which system is classified as a chemical buffer system that can serve as the first line of defense against shifts in pH?

A

phopshate buffer system

46
Q

Which volatile acid presents a daily challenge to the normal pH?

A

carbon dioxide

47
Q

What happens to plasma bicarbonate concentration during respiratory acidosis?

A

plasma bicarbonate concentration increases

48
Q

What is the diagnosis for the following set of values?

pH = 7.062

HCO3 = 13 mEq/L

PCO2 = 67 mm Hg

A

mixed metabolic acidosis and respiatory acidosis

49
Q

What is the diagnosis for the following set of values?

pH = 7.521

HCO3 = 36 mEq/L

PCO2 = 55 mm Hg

A

Metabolic alkalosis with partial respiratory compensation

50
Q

What is the diagnosis for the following set of values?

pH = 7.221

HCO3 = 8.5 mEq/L

PCO2 = 22 mm Hg

A

metabolic acidosis with partial repiratory compensation

2024 Vet physiology (28 decks)

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