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2024 Vet physiology > Exam 2: Lecture 15: Hemodynamics 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2: Lecture 15: Hemodynamics 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what describes the blood flow in the cardiovascular system

A

laminar (streamlined)

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2
Q

Where is the velocity of blood flow highest and where is it the lowest in the blood vessel

A

Highest is towards the center of the vessel and lowest is towards the walls of the vessels

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3
Q

What is the velocity of flow towards the wall

A

Zero

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4
Q

What is the velocity of flow towards the wall of the vessel

A

Maximal

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5
Q

What an irregularity occurs in a blood vessel (blood clot, etc.) the laminar stream is disrupted and blood may become _______

A

Turbulent

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6
Q

Is laminar flow silent or audible

A

Silent

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7
Q

Is turbulent Flow silent or audible

A

Audible

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8
Q

What is used in the ausculatory measurement of blood pressure are caused by turbulent flow

A

Korotkoff sounds

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9
Q

What term is used to describe blood vessel stenosis and cardiac valve disease can cause turbulent flow and often are accompanied by audible vibrations

A

Murmurs

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10
Q

What is the cut off on Reynolds number that says blood flow is laminar

A

2000

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11
Q

If Reynolds number is greater than this value we except turbulent flow

A

2000

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12
Q

What are the major influences on Reynolds number in the cardiovascular system

A

Changes in blood viscosity and velocity if blood flow

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13
Q

What term is associated with a decreased hemotracit and because of turbulent blood flow causes functional murmurs

A

Anemia

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14
Q

What term is associated with blood clots in the lumen of a vessel. This narrows the diameter of the blood vessel, which causes an increase in blood velocity at the site

A

Thrombi

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15
Q

What its the consequence of the fact that blood travels at different velocities within a blood vessel

A

Shear

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16
Q

Where is shear the highest in the blood vessel

A

Towards the blood vessel wall

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17
Q

Where is shear the lowest in the blood vessel

A

Towards the center of the blood vessel

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18
Q

Define compliance or capacitance of a blood vessel

A

Volume of blood the vessel can hold at a given pressure

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19
Q

What does it mean when compliance is higher in the vessel

A

The more blood it can hold

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20
Q

What describes how the volume of blood contained in a vessel changes for a given change in pressure

A

Compliance

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21
Q

Do veins or arteries have a higher compliance

A

Veins

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22
Q

Do veins or arteries have a lower compliance

A

Arteries

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23
Q

What does it mean that compliance of the veins is high

A

The veins can hold larger volumes of blood at low pressure

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24
Q

What does it mean that the compliance of the arteries is lower

A

They hold less volume of blood but at a higher blood pressure

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25
Q

Are the veins or arteries the most compliant and contain unstressed volume (large volume under low pressure)

A

Veins

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26
Q

Are the veins or arteries the less compliant and contain the stressed volume (low volume under high pressure)

A

Arteries

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27
Q

What happens if the compliance of capacitance of the veins increase

A

Increase in the volume in veins they can hold

Blood shift from the arteries to the veins

Unstressed volume increases and stressed volume decreases

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28
Q

As you age what happens to the compliance of blood vessels

A

They decrease

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29
Q

Which vasculature is pressure the highest

A

Aorta

30
Q

How does pressure change as you move from the aorta to the arteries, then into the capillaries, to the veins and back to the heart

A

Decreases

31
Q

What is the mean arterial pressure in the aorta

A

100 mmHg

32
Q

What reflects the activity of the heart, ejecting blood during diastole, ejecting blood, resting, and so forth

A

Pulsation

33
Q

What is defined as the lowest arterial pressure measured during a cardiac cycle and is the pressure in the arteries during ventricular relaxation when no blood is being ejected from the left ventricle

A

Diastolic Pressure

34
Q

What is defined as the highest arterial pressure measured during a cardiac cycle. It is the pressure in the arteries after blood has been ejected from the left ventricle during systole

A

Systolic pressure

35
Q

What is defined as the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure if all other factors are equal and the magnitude of the pulse pressure reflects the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle on a single beat

A

Pulse pressure

36
Q

Define stroke volume

A

If all other factors are equal, the magnitude of the pulse pressure reflects the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle on a single beat

37
Q

What is defined as the average pressure in a complete cardiac cycle

A

Mean arterial pressure

MAP= diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure

38
Q

Are the pulsations in the large arteries or aorta the greatest

A

Large arteries

  • systolic pressure and pulse pressure are higher in the large arteries than in the aorta. Following ejection of blood from the left ventricle, the pressure wave travels at a higher velocity than the blood itself travels to downstream pressure (due to the inertia of the blood)
39
Q

What disease is known for plaque deposits in the arterial walls decrease the diameter of the arteries and make them stiffer and less compliant. Because arterial complaince is decreased ejection of a stroke volume from the left ventricle causes a much greater charge in arterial pressure than it does in normal arteries

A

Arteriosclerosis

40
Q

What disease is known as the aortic valve is narrowed the size of the opening through which blood can can be ejected from the left ventricular into the aorta which is reduced

A

Aortic stenosis

41
Q

What disease is described as when the aortic valve is incompetent due to a congenital abnormality and the normal one way flow if blood from the left ventricle into the aorta is disrupted. Instead of blood that was ejected into he aorta flows backwards into the ventricles. Such retrograde flow can occur because the ventricle is relaxed (at low pressure) and because the incompetent aortic valve cannot prevent it as it normally does

A

Aortic regurgitation

42
Q

Is the pressure greater or lower in the pulmonary vasculature compared to the systemic vasculature

A

Lower pressure

43
Q

Pulmonary vascular resistance in much (lower or higher) than systemic vascular resistance.

A

Lower

44
Q

Where in the heart does the electrical activation is the cardiac action potential originate to cause the heart to pump blood and relaxed for example

A

Sinoatrial node
SA node

45
Q

Why is sequence important in the contraction and relaxation of the heart

A

Critical because the atria must be activated and contrast before the ventricles and the ventricles must contract from the apex to the base for efficient ejection of blood

46
Q

What nerves are important for the heart

A

vagus nerve

47
Q

SNS or PNS

  • adrenal gland is important because there are species that have adrenal removals
  • a problem beacause it relases NE and E
A

SNS

48
Q

If you squeeze the organ you have extreme release of catechalomines and cause the heart to mess up. What organ is extremly connected to the cardiac vessels and release NE and E

A

adrenal medulla

49
Q

What SNS receptor is responsible for the heart

A

B1

50
Q

What SNS receptor is responsible for

  • increased heart rate
  • increased contractility
  • increase AV node conduction
A

B1

51
Q

What PNS receptor is responsible for the heart

A

M2

52
Q

What PNS receptor is responsible for

  • decrease heart rate
  • decrease contractility
  • decrease AV node conduction
A

M2

53
Q

What PNS receptor is responsible for receptor is used in the heart

A

M2

54
Q

What SNS receptor is responsible for effects on the vascular smooth muscle

A

A1
B2

55
Q

What SNS receptor is responsible for

  • constriction of blood vessels in skin and splanchnic
A

A1

56
Q

What SNS receptor is responsible for

  • Dilates blood vessels in skeletal muscle
A

B2

57
Q

What determines the vascular filling pressure (stressed volume: SBV) and represents only about 20-25% of the total blood volume

A

Amount of blood

58
Q

Is there resevoir of blood available (unstressed :UBV) that can be recruited to maintain vascular filling pressure

A

Yes!!

59
Q

What percentage of blood is in the arterial system

A

10% of blood volume

60
Q

What percentage of blood is in the venous system

A

70% of blood volume

61
Q

What percentage of blood is in the heart and lungs

A

15% of blood volume

62
Q

What percentage of blood is iin the capillaries

A

5% of blood volume

63
Q

Where is the vascular is the unstressed volume

A

veins

64
Q

where in the vascular is the stressed volume

A

arteries

65
Q

Where in the vascular does diffusion take place or a single layer of cells

A

capillaries

66
Q

Where is more blood volume contained? veins or arteries

A

veins

67
Q

Where in the vascular is there a large surface area but small blood volume

A

capillaries

68
Q

Does a vessel use more oxygen when they are stiff or relaxed

A

Stiff - bc they use more work
- more work the left ventricle has to do

69
Q

When you have an increase in work / effort is that known as preload or afterload

A

afterload

70
Q

Are the veins or arteriles complient - moveable

A

veins

71
Q

Are the veins or arteries non-compliant - stiff

A

arteries
- lowest compliance

2024 Vet physiology (28 decks)

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