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2024 Vet physiology > Exam 3: Lecture 40: Lung volumes and capacities > Flashcards

Exam 3: Lecture 40: Lung volumes and capacities Flashcards

1
Q

What are normal breath sounds?

A

Vesicular.

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2
Q

What are abnormal breath sounds?

A

Crackles, wheezes.

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3
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

Volume of air per breath.

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4
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

Air inhaled beyond tidal volume.

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5
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume?

A

Air exhaled beyond tidal volume.

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6
Q

What is residual volume?

A

Air remaining after forced expiration.

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7
Q

What is the average tidal volume for domestic animals?

A

10-20 mL/kg.

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8
Q

How do you calculate minute volume?

A

Tidal volume × breaths per minute.

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9
Q

What is functional residual capacity?

A

Expiratory reserve + residual volume.

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10
Q

What is inspiratory capacity?

A

Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume.

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11
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

Maximum air exhaled after deep inhalation.

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12
Q

What is total lung capacity?

A

Sum of all lung volumes.

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13
Q

What is mechanical dead space?

A

Air in equipment not used for gas exchange.

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14
Q

What is anatomic dead space?

A

Conducting airways without gas exchange.

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15
Q

What is physiologic dead space?

A

Total volume not participating in gas exchange.

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16
Q

How do you determine physiologic dead space?

A

From PaCO2 and ETCO2.

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17
Q

Where are goblet cells found?

A

Respiratory epithelium.

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18
Q

What do goblet cells secrete?

A

Mucus.

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19
Q

Where are Clara cells found?

A

Bronchiolar epithelium.

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20
Q

What do Clara cells secrete?

A

P450 for detoxification.

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21
Q

What is the function of alveolar type I cells?

A

Gas exchange.

22
Q

What is the function of alveolar type II cells?

A

Secrete surfactant.

23
Q

What is the role of surfactant?

A

Reduces surface tension in alveoli.

24
Q

What do J receptors respond to?

A

Irritants, hyperinflation, congestion.

25
Q

What nerve innervates J receptors?

A

Vagus nerve.

26
Q

What happens when J receptors are activated?

A

Tachypnea, dyspnea, bronchoconstriction.

27
Q

What is tachypnea?

A

Increased respiratory rate.

28
Q

What is dyspnea?

A

Difficulty breathing.

29
Q

What causes bronchoconstriction?

A

Irritants or inflammation.

30
Q

What is Bernoulli’s principle?

A

Increased velocity reduces pressure.

31
Q

What does Reynolds number measure?

A

Turbulence.

32
Q

What happens when Reynolds number increases?

A

Turbulence increases.

33
Q

What is minute ventilation?

A

Total air moved in and out per minute.

34
Q

What is alveolar ventilation?

A

Air reaching alveoli per minute.

35
Q

What is the formula for minute ventilation?

A

Tidal volume × breaths per minute.

36
Q

What is anatomic dead space composed of?

A

Conducting airways like trachea and bronchi.

37
Q

What is physiological dead space?

A

Anatomical dead space plus functional dead space.

38
Q

What is functional dead space?

A

Alveoli not participating in gas exchange.

39
Q

What effect does hyperinflation have on J receptors?

A

Activates them, causing rapid breathing.

40
Q

What is the cause of fluid congestion in the lungs?

A

Pulmonary edema or infection.

41
Q

What role does mucus play in the respiratory system?

A

Traps particles and pathogens.

42
Q

What are crackles a sign of?

A

Fluid in the airways.

43
Q

What are wheezes a sign of?

A

Airway narrowing.

44
Q

What does hyperventilation do to CO2 levels?

A

Decreases them.

45
Q

What happens to respiratory rate in tachypnea?

A

Increases.

46
Q

What is the difference between anatomical and physiological dead space?

A

Anatomical is conducting airways; physiological includes functional space.

47
Q

What is the effect of emboli on J receptors?

A

Activate them, causing tachypnea.

48
Q

What does high Reynolds number indicate?

A

High likelihood of turbulence.

49
Q

What happens to alveolar ventilation in obstructive lung diseases?

A

Decreases.

50
Q

What is the function of the vagus nerve in lung regulation?

A

Controls parasympathetic responses.

2024 Vet physiology (76 decks)

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