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2024 Vet physiology > Exam 2: Lecture 14: Hemodynamics 1 > Flashcards

Exam 2: Lecture 14: Hemodynamics 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the largest artery of the systemic circulation

A

aorta

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2
Q

what is the function of the arteries

A

deliver oxygenated blood to the organs

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3
Q

What is the composition of arteries

A

thick-walled structures
elastic tissue
smooth muscle
connective tissue

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4
Q

which vessels receive blood directly from the heart and are under high pressure in the vasculature

A

arteries

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5
Q

what vessels are under the highest pressure in the vasculature system

A

arteries

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6
Q

define stressed volume

A

amount / volume of blood in the arteries
- meaning blood volume under high pressure

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7
Q

what is the smallest branches of the arteries

A

arterioles

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8
Q

which vessels have extensive development of smooth muscle and they are the site of highest resistance to blood flow

A

arterioles

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9
Q

T/F: The arterioles are like normal vessels where they contract and relax

A

false!! they are defined as tonically active - always contracted

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10
Q

A1 or A2 Adrenergic receptors

found on the arterioles of several vascular beds. when activated these receptors cause contraction, or constriction of the vascular smooth muscle. constriction produces a decrease in diameter of the arterioles which increases resistance to blood flow

A

A1Adrenergic receptors

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11
Q

B1 or B2 Adrenergic receptors

found in the arterioles of skeletal muscle. when activated these receptors cause dilation, relaxation of the vascular smooth muscle, which increases the diameter and decreases the resistance of these arterioles to blood flow

A

B2 Adrenergic receptors

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12
Q

What type of cells line the walls of capillaries

A

single layer of endothelial cells

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13
Q

how do lipid soluble substance cross the single layer of endothelial cells in the capillaries

A

dissolving in and diffusing across the endothelial cell membranes

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14
Q

How do water soluble substances cross the single layer of endothelial cells in the capillaries

A

either through water filled clefts between the endothelial cells or through large pores in the walls of some capillaries

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15
Q

Are all capillaries diffused with blood at all times

A

NO! there is selective perfusion of capillary beds depending on metabolic needs of tissues

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16
Q

how is perfusion of capillaries determined

A

degree of dilation or contriction of the arterioles and precapillary sphincter

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17
Q

How is the degree if dilation of constriction controlled to innervate the vascular smooth muscle

A

Sympathetic innervation and vasoactive metabolites produced by tissues

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18
Q

What is the compisition of venules and veins

A

thin walled structures
usual endothelial cell layer
connective tissue

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19
Q

What effect does the wall of the veins being more elastic tissue compared to the the arteries have?

A

veins have a larger capacitance

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20
Q

Define unstressed volume

A

volume of blood containted in the veins
- blood volume under low pressure

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21
Q

A1 or A2 Adrenergic receptors

Smooth muscle in the wall of the veins are innertvated by sympathethic nerve fibers. This can cause contraction of the veins, which reduces their capacitance and therefore reduced the unstressed volume

A

A1 Adrenergic receptors

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22
Q

Define velocity of blood flow

A

rate of displacement of blood per unit time

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23
Q

In the equation v=Q/A, what does V stand for

A

velocity of blood flow
- linerar velocity and refers to the rate of displacement of blood per unit time

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24
Q

In the equation v=Q/A, what does Q stand for

A

flow
- volume of flow per time and expressed in unite of volume per unit time

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25
Q

In the equation v=Q/A, what does A stand for

A

Area
- the cross-sectional area of a blood vessel or a group of blood vessels

26
Q

What happens to velocity as diameter increases in blood vessels

A

Velocity of flow through the vessel decreases

27
Q

The velocity of blood flow will be highest in the _______ and lowest in the _______

A

Aorta
capillaries

28
Q

What are the two factors that contribute to blood flow through a blood vessel or a series of blood vessels

A
  • pressure difference between the two ends of the vessel
  • resistance of the vessel to blood flow
29
Q

What is the driving force for blood flow and the resistance is an impediment to flow

A

pressure difference

30
Q

What is the magnitude of blood flow (Q) direcetly proportional to?

A

size of the pressure difference (change P)

31
Q

what determines the direction of blood flow

A

direcetion of pressure gradient
- always high to low pressure

32
Q

How will blood flow during ventricular ejection

A

blood flows from the left ventricle into the aorta
- because pressure in the ventricle is higher than pressure in the aorta

33
Q

How will blood flow from the vena cava to the right atrium

A

from the vena cava to the aorta
- because pressure in the vena cava is slightly higher than in the right atrium

34
Q

what happens to flow when you increase resistance in the blood vessels

A

flow decreases
- AKA decreasing resistance increases flow

35
Q

What is the major mechanism for changing blood flow in the cardiovascular system

A

changing the resistance of blood vessels - particularly the arterioles

36
Q

define total peripheral resistance

A

resistance of the entire systemic vascular system

37
Q

How can you measure total peripheral resistance

A

TPR can be measured by flow, pressure and resistance changing cardiac output for flow

38
Q
A
39
Q

what type of resistance is illistrated by the arrangment of blood vessels within a given organ. Each organ is supplied with bloodby a major artery and drained by a major vein. Within the organ, blood flows from the major artery to smaller arteries to capillaries to venules to veins

A

Series resistance

40
Q

Of the various resistances in series, arterioles resistance is the by far the greatest. The total resistance of the vascular system is determined by which vessels

A

arteriolar resistance

41
Q

When resistances are arranged in series, is the total flow at each level the same or different

A

same amount of flow

42
Q

Where does the greatest decrease in pressure occur because they contribute to the largest portion of resistance

A

arterioles

43
Q

What is defined as the distriubtion of blood flow among the various major arteries branching off the aorta

A

Parallel resistance

44
Q

The total resistance in a _______ arragment is less than any of the indivual resistance

A

parallel

45
Q

This resistance arrangement has no loss of pressure in major arteries and that means pressure in each major artery will be the same and approx. the same as mean pressure in the aorta

A

Parallel resistance

46
Q

Another predicatable consequece of parallel resistance is as you add resistance to the circut this causes what effect on total resistance

A

decrease

47
Q

What happens when your metabolism increases during septic events

A

lactic acidosis due to laying in bed and not moving

48
Q

The tissues that need to most oxygen are the _______ and the _______. To meet little oxygen demand you can increase the HR to keep up. The HR is mechanically limited, so this can only happen so much. When you start exercising some tissues because oxygen deficient - oxygen moves from less needed organs to organs that need it more. Latic acid happens during oxygen deficiency = fatigue and C fibers (unmyleinated) and pain increase

A

Brain
Heart

49
Q

The tissues that need to most oxygen are the brain and the heart. To meet little oxygen demand you can increase the ______ to keep up. The HR is mechanically limited, so this can only happen so much. When you start exercising some tissues because oxygen deficient - oxygen moves from less needed organs to organs that need it more. Latic acid happens during oxygen deficiency = fatigue and C fibers (unmyleinated) and pain increase

A

Heart rate

50
Q

The tissues that need to most oxygen are the brain and the heart. To meet little oxygen demand you can increase the HR to keep up. The HR is mechanically limited, so this can only happen so much. When you start exercising some tissues because oxygen deficient - oxygen moves from?

A

Oxygen moves from less needed organs to organs that need it more

51
Q

The tissues that need to most oxygen are the brain and the heart. To meet little oxygen demand you can increase the HR to keep up. The HR is mechanically limited, so this can only happen so much. When you start exercising some tissues because oxygen deficient - oxygen moves from less needed organs to organs that need it more. Latic acid happens during oxygen deficiency = fatigue and C fibers (unmyleinated) and _______ increase

A

pain

52
Q

what is chronotropy

A

heart rate

53
Q

what is bathmotropy

A

excitability of the heart and how excitable it is

54
Q

what is dromotropy

A

conduction velocity

55
Q

what is inotropy

A

force in which the heart beats

56
Q

What is important to know as how much blood is bring pumped - stoke volume (for each contraction there is a volume delivery)

A

Inotropy

57
Q

What is clinotropy

A

velocity (rate) of contraction
- speed of contraction is a specific time

58
Q

what is lusitropy

A

rate of relaxation

59
Q

How do red blood cells get through the capillary bed

A

folding / increasing length of itself

60
Q

What is the smallest vessel in the body

A

capillary

2024 Vet physiology (74 decks)

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