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2024 Vet physiology > Exam 1: Lecture 5: Nervous System Basics > Flashcards

Exam 1: Lecture 5: Nervous System Basics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the extracellular fluid concentration of Na+

A

142 mEq/L

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2
Q

What is the extracellular fluid concentration of K+

A

4 mEq/L

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3
Q

What is the extracellular fluid concentration of Ca2+

A

2.4 mEq/L

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4
Q

What is the extracellular fluid concentration of Mg2+

A

1.2 mEq/L

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5
Q

What is the extracellular fluid concentration of Cl-

A

103 mEq/L

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6
Q

What is the intracellular fluid concentration of Na+

A

10 mEq/L

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7
Q

What is the intracellular fluid concentration of K+

A

140 mEq/L

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8
Q

What is the intracellular fluid concentration of Ca2+

A

0.0001 mEq/L

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9
Q

What is the intracellular fluid concentration of Mg2+

A

58 mEq/L

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10
Q

What is the intracellular fluid concentration of Cl-

A

4 mEq/L

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11
Q

Equivalent Na+ concentration is approx. _________

A

+70 mV

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12
Q

Equivalent Ca2+ concentration is approx. _________

A

+130 mV

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13
Q

Equivalent K+ concentration is approx. _________

A

-95 mV

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14
Q

Equivalent Cl- concentration is approx. _________

A

-90 mV

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15
Q

What dictates the sign and magnitude of the membrane

A

Ions with the greatest permeability / condunctance

  • they deplete the substance added is what effects the cell
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16
Q

_______: the amount of something needed for an AP to occur

A

threshold

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17
Q

_________: potentials have depolarizing events, but they are not going to cause an AP because they do not reach threshold
- they are increasing in size (graded potentials)

A

Subthreshold

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18
Q

What does the image show?

A

subthreshold

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19
Q

What does the image show?

A

Threshold

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20
Q

Lidocaine will cause the level of ________ to be blocked = NO AP
- Think of how pratical this is when removing pines from a dogs face

A

Threshold

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21
Q

What pump is always working in the cell that moves 3 Na exit and 2 K enter

A

Na+ / K+ ATPase pump

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22
Q

When ions move across the plane of membrane they tend to drive the membrane potential to their own ____ potential

A

NERTS

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23
Q

_______: Electricity / charge of the creation or creation of the charge
- because the pump moving out two cations and moving two ions in are uneven this helps keep the membrane potential stabel and negative (where it should be)

A

Eletrogenic

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24
Q

What two factors allow for charge flow in the cell

A

Water and ions

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25
Q

What two elements are responsible for the negative charge inside the cell - moving it away from threshold

A

K+
Cl-

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26
Q

WIll an AP occur and why?

pg. 10

A

No AP due to their being an inhibitory effect merging with two excitatory effects

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27
Q

Will an AP occur and why?

Pg. 10

A

Yes, bc all of these effects are simtulatory

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28
Q

Define Spacial Summation

A

space and time

  • stimulus was done at the same time
  • there is a break in stimulation
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29
Q

Define Temporal Summation

A

Stimulation happening non-stop

  • A constant stimulation occurring without breaks
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30
Q

What are Pluripotent stem cells

A

cells that develop into different nerve fibers

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31
Q

What are the three types of supporting cells

A
  • Neuroglia
  • Oligodendrites
  • Lemmocytes
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32
Q

What are Oligodendrites and Lemmocytes used for

A
  • optimal signal transduction
  • high metabolic rate
  • Bad for oxidative stress - hypoxia
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33
Q

What gene encodes a transcription factor that can specify neuronal fate on ectodermal cells

A

Neurog

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34
Q

what gene is a transcriptional factor (homebox domin protein)
- important making sure a body part goes in the correct place

A

POU4f1

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35
Q

What transcription factor leads to diffeerentation of crest diameter cells into different diameter subtypes
- encodes for transcription / translation and induce proteins production
- gets these codes from genes and causes specific factors to become different tissue types

A

Neuron 2

36
Q

Where do neurons come from

A

develop in the neural tube

37
Q

what creates blood vessles along the neural tube since neural tubes are initally without blood vessels

A

Angioblast

38
Q

What arrives from neural tissues that tells the blood angioblast to get into action to produce blood vessles along the neural tube

A

VEGFA subtype A

39
Q

Nervous system arrives from the _______ - blood vessles form and they continue to branch out and help other tissues grow and develop

A

endoderm

40
Q

what cells are important for development of cortical tissue in the brain.
- these are guided by the blood stream

A

Tip cells

41
Q

what is the proper name for the cell body

A

soma

42
Q

Chain of _________ form myelin for multiple axons in the CNS

A

Oligodnedrites

43
Q

_________: lemmoncytes in peripheral and chain of lemmocytes will form myelin for 1 axon

A

Schwann cells

44
Q

What increases speed of conduction, nodes of Ranvier and saltatory conduction

A

Electrical insulator - Myeline

45
Q

Where is the voltage gated fast sodium channels located

A

Axon Hillock

46
Q

If you block this area no action potential can occur

A

Axon hillock
- where the voltage gated sodium channels are located

47
Q

Do myelinated or unmyelinated axons have slower conduction velocity

A

unmyelinated

48
Q

What two nerve fibers do not have myelination and are slow for conduction velocity

A

Sensory and motor type C and Sensory IV

49
Q

Are sensory or motor neurons labeled alphabetical

A

Sensory and motor

50
Q

Are sensory or motor neurons labeled by roman numerals

A

Sensory

51
Q

what term describes that information travels from the cell body down the axon terminal

A

Orthodromic

52
Q

What term describes that information travels from the axon terminal towards the cell body
- does not always have a negative affect on the body

A

Antidromic

53
Q

disease that is bad for the nerve tissues because cells have such high metabolic rate and low metabolic capacity so if you stress them out they will crash and burn and so will you

A

Hypoxia

54
Q

If this cell is stressed it will send a signal resulting in either more stress or damage causing neurological problems

A

Oligodendrocytes

55
Q

are the following are released during stress or not

  • glutamate
  • Heat shock proteins
  • interferon
  • interleukin
  • MMPs
  • NO
  • RNS and ROS
  • TNF-a
A

during stress

56
Q

What describes the almost all sensory / motor information pathways are bilaterally symmetrical

A

Descussation

57
Q

What describes that all pathways do not cross at the same level (some spinal and some supra spinal)

A

Descussations

58
Q

Areas that contain only descussations

A

commissures

59
Q

what describes that information pathways are symetrically meaning it happens at the same time and place

A

Chiasm

60
Q

What portion of the brain is responsible for:

  • plans and initiates conscious voluntary movement
  • not required for many unconscious, stereotypical movements in animals
A

cerebral cortex

61
Q

What portion of the brain is responsible for:

  • balance and posture
A

Cerebellum

62
Q

What portion of the brain is responsible for:

  • receives and process most somatic sense, vision, olfactory, taste, hearing and more
A

the cerebral cortex

63
Q

Are upper motor neurons or lower motor neurons in the brainstem and cortex

A

upper motor neuron

64
Q

What communicates with the LMN

A

UMN

65
Q

these motor neurons communicate with the muscles and help give the response

A

LMN

66
Q

Pyramidal / Extrapyramidal Tract?

  • corticospinal tracts
  • three quarters of the fibers decussate in the meduall - oppoiste side
  • one quarter do not decussate - same side
A

Pyramidal Tract

67
Q

Pyramidal / Extrapyramidal Tract?

  • very complex
  • all motor tracts from brain to SC, except corticospinal tracts
  • brain - numerus relays throughout
  • spinal cord - reticulospinal tracts
A

Extrapyramidal Tract

68
Q

What portion of the brain is responsible for:

  • relay station to the cortex
A

Thalamus

69
Q

What portion of the brain is responsible for:

  • autonomic functions
  • vital functions such as sleep, eating, drinking, and temperature
  • master gland vs subservient gland
  • Pituitary gland
A

Hypothalamus

70
Q

What portion of the brain is responsible for:

  • give sedatives to reduce stress of this portion of the brain for Ex: cats coming into the clinic that is nervous for surroundings and pooping/peeing and angry
A

Reticular Formation

71
Q

What portion of the brain is the most primitive part

A

Pons and Medulla

72
Q

Another name for the cerebellum is?

A

Little brain

73
Q

What portion of the brain is responsible for:

  • coordinates and smooths out all somatic activity
  • position of the head and body modulated by affecting motor cortex and UMNs
  • helps maintain equilibrium
  • helps regulate the muslce tone
A

Cerebellum

74
Q

Gray or White matter:

  • interneurons
  • motor neurons
  • unmyelinated
A

Gray matter

75
Q

Gray or White matter:

  • three funiculi
  • myelinated
A

White matter

76
Q

________: axon bundles extends from just caudal medualla to veterbral body L6

A

Tracts

77
Q

Spinal cord connects with spinal nerves through afferent and efferent axons in _________

A

Spinal cords

78
Q

define segmental response of the spinal cord

A

response in a specific area where issue occured

79
Q

define intersegmental response of the spinal cord

A

response to a zone where issue occurred

80
Q

define supersegmental response of the spinal cord

A

whole body movement or large area
- Stepping on a nail your whole body would move away

81
Q

Ascending or descending pathways?

  • conscious discrimination / localization
  • affective - emotional or altering
  • Subconscious - sensory feed posture, etc.
A

Ascending Pathway

82
Q

Ascending or descending pathways ?

  • Spinal reflexes
  • excitability of efferent neurons - posture and development
  • excitability of spinal projection neurons
A

Descending pathways

83
Q

What type of receptor is described?

  • touch
  • audition
  • vestibular
  • hair cell
  • skin
  • organ or corti
A

Mechanoreceptor

84
Q

What type of receptor is described?

  • vision
  • rods and cones
  • retina
A

photoreceptor

85
Q

What type of receptor is described?

  • olfaction
  • taste
  • arterial PO2
  • PH and CSF
A

Chemoreceptor

86
Q

What type of receptor is described?

  • temperature
A

Thermoreceptor

87
Q

What type of receptor is described?

  • extremes of pain and tempeature
  • skin
A

Nociceptors

2024 Vet physiology (28 decks)

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