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2024 Vet physiology > Exam 3: Lecture 39: Respiratory System Structure > Flashcards

Exam 3: Lecture 39: Respiratory System Structure Flashcards

1
Q

Questions

A

Answers

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2
Q

What is the function of the diaphragm?

A

Breathing.

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3
Q

Which muscles assist in breathing?

A

Respiratory muscles.

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4
Q

What unit is used to measure respiratory pressure?

A

mmHg.

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5
Q

What is 1 atm in mmHg?

A

760 mmHg.

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6
Q

What is the primary gas in air?

A

Nitrogen.

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7
Q

What percentage of air is oxygen?

A

21%.

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8
Q

What gas law explains partial pressure of gases?

A

Dalton’s Law.

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9
Q

What does ‘A’ denote in blood gas terms?

A

Alveolar.

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10
Q

What is the role of cilia in the respiratory system?

A

Removes debris.

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11
Q

Where does gas exchange occur in the lungs?

A

Alveoli.

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12
Q

What structure separates gas and blood in the lungs?

A

Thin membrane.

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13
Q

What is the role of alveolar macrophages?

A

Remove dust and debris.

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14
Q

What zone includes the trachea and bronchi?

A

Conducting zone.

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15
Q

What is the respiratory zone’s function?

A

Gas exchange.

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16
Q

What is atelectasis?

A

Lung collapse.

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17
Q

What function does the lung serve in heat exchange?

A

Regulates body temperature.

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18
Q

What species are obligate nose breathers?

A

Horses, cattle, rabbits.

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19
Q

What is the normal pressure inside the chest?

A

-5 mmHg.

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20
Q

What are the primary functions of the lungs?

A

Gas exchange, defense, blood reservoir.

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21
Q

What is Henry’s Law?

A

Gas solubility depends on partial pressure.

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22
Q

What law explains volume and pressure relationships?

A

Boyle’s Law.

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23
Q

What does Charles’s Law state?

A

Gases expand with increased temperature.

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24
Q

What is the definition of tidal volume?

A

Air filling alveoli and airways.

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25
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

Air inhaled beyond tidal volume.

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26
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume?

A

Air exhaled beyond tidal volume.

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27
Q

What is residual volume?

A

Air remaining after forced expiration.

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28
Q

What role do the pores of Kohn play?

A

Assist lung inflation.

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29
Q

What is the partial pressure of oxygen at sea level?

A

160 mmHg.

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30
Q

What is the partial pressure of nitrogen at sea level?

A

600 mmHg.

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31
Q

What does Fick’s Law describe?

A

Rate of diffusion across a membrane.

32
Q

What type of breathing occurs in horses?

A

Nasal-only breathing.

33
Q

What species can breathe through mouth or nose?

A

Dogs, cats, humans.

34
Q

What is the normal PCV for a dog?

A

40%.

35
Q

What gas law relates to gas dissolution in blood?

A

Henry’s Law.

36
Q

What is the function of the respiratory bronchioles?

A

Gas exchange.

37
Q

What are the conducting zone structures?

A

Nose, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles.

38
Q

What is the pressure inside the lungs during inspiration?

A

Negative pressure.

39
Q

What is Dalton’s Law about?

A

Partial pressures in a gas mixture.

40
Q

What is Fick’s Law proportional to?

A

Concentration gradient.

41
Q

What is the atmospheric pressure at higher altitudes?

A

Lower than at sea level.

42
Q

What happens to oxygen levels at high altitudes?

A

Decreases.

43
Q

What is the role of alveolar sacs?

A

Facilitate gas exchange.

44
Q

What is the role of smooth muscle in the trachea?

A

Regulates airway diameter.

45
Q

What is the shape of horse lungs?

A

Variable among species.

46
Q

What is the function of the nasal cavity?

A

Filters, warms air.

47
Q

What are the primary gases in air?

A

Nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide.

48
Q

What is the normal atmospheric pressure in pascals?

A

102 kPa.

49
Q

What does ‘E’ denote in gas abbreviations?

A

Expired air.

50
Q

What is the role of the mediastinum?

A

Separates lungs in some species.

51
Q

What species uses the blowhole for breathing?

A

Cetaceans.

52
Q

What is the role of cartilage in the trachea?

A

Keeps airways open.

53
Q

What species uses skin for heat exchange?

A

Pigs.

54
Q

What is the primary defense of the lungs against inhaled substances?

A

Cilia and macrophages.

55
Q

What happens to lungs when pressure inside equals outside?

A

Lungs collapse.

56
Q

What species might experience lung compression when lying down?

A

Horses.

57
Q

What does expiratory capacity include?

A

Expiratory reserve and tidal volume.

58
Q

What is the function of nasal cilia?

A

Filters air.

59
Q

What is the approximate partial pressure of carbon dioxide in air?

A

0 mmHg.

60
Q

What gas law involves gas expansion with temperature?

A

Charles’s Law.

61
Q

What does the term ‘blood reservoir’ refer to in the lungs?

A

Holding of blood.

62
Q

What happens to lung gas exchange in compressed areas?

A

Decreases.

63
Q

What does the term ‘endocrine function’ in the lungs refer to?

A

Metabolizing substances.

64
Q

What is the relationship between pressure and concentration in Fick’s Law?

A

Directly proportional.

65
Q

What law explains gas movement into solution under pressure?

A

Henry’s Law.

66
Q

What percentage of air is carbon dioxide?

A

0.039%.

67
Q

What happens to the partial pressure of oxygen as altitude increases?

A

Decreases.

68
Q

What does Dalton’s Law explain?

A

Sum of partial pressures.

69
Q

What happens to the amount of oxygen in the bloodstream at altitude?

A

Decreases.

70
Q

What does negative pressure in the chest prevent?

A

Lung collapse.

71
Q

What is the effect of cilia loss in the respiratory zone?

A

Reduced defense.

72
Q

What is the function of smooth muscle in bronchioles?

A

Controls airway constriction.

73
Q

What happens to oxygen partial pressure in high humidity?

A

Decreases slightly.

74
Q

What is the relationship between lung volume and pressure during exhalation?

A

Volume decreases, pressure increases.

75
Q

What does the term ‘partial pressure’ refer to?

A

Pressure of a single gas in a mixture.

76
Q

What happens when the pressure inside the chest rises to zero?

A

Lungs collapse.

2024 Vet physiology (76 decks)

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