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2024 Vet physiology > Exam 4: Lecture 56: Gastric, pancreatic and Bile secretion > Flashcards

Exam 4: Lecture 56: Gastric, pancreatic and Bile secretion Flashcards

1
Q

vagus nerve releases Ach on parietal cells which then release

A

HCl

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2
Q

vagus nerve releases gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) on G cells which release

A

gastrin

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3
Q

Gastrin from G cells goes into the systemic circulation and HCl from parietal cells causes ________ secretion

A

HCl

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4
Q

________ will not block HCl secretion

A

atropine

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5
Q

atropine will not block HCl secretion, why?

A

because you only affect a small path.
using GSP to release G cells = still have same effect

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6
Q

30% of total HCl stimulated by smelling, tasting, chewing, swallowing, and conditioned reflexes during the ________ phase

A

cephalic

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7
Q

60% of total HCl release is stimulated by distension of the stomach and the presence of amino acids during the ________ phase

A

gastric

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8
Q

alcohol and caffeine stimulate ________ secretion during gastric phase

A

HCl

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9
Q

10% of total HCl release steamed by products of proteins into the intestines = increase ________ of acid production during the ________ phase

A

inhibition
intestinal phase

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10
Q

HCl secretion is inhibited when no longer needed and converts ________ to ________

A

pepsinogen
pepsin

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11
Q

for pepsinogen to convert to pepsin the ________ must be low

A

pH

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12
Q

somatotatin directly binds parietal cells and ________ histamine pathway = decreasing ________

A

antagonizes
cAMP

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13
Q

somatotatin indirectly inhibits both ________ and ________ release

A

histamine
gastrin

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14
Q

prostaglandins antagonizes ________ by reducing ________

A

histamine
cAMP

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15
Q

the two main barriers to acid and pepsin damage to gastric mucosa are

A

bicarbonate
mucus

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16
Q

________ and ________ are in the gastric stomach within/on gastric epithelial cells and mucosal neck cells = secrete ________ which is trapped in ________ = anything/acid become neutralized in mucous = ________ becomes inactivated/deactivated

A

HCO3-
Mucus
HCO3-
mucosal
pepsin

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17
Q

peptic ulcer disease is where ulcer lesions of ________ or ________ mucosa because acidic levels are high

A

gastric
duodenal

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18
Q

peptic ulcer disease is cased by a loss of ________, excrete excess ________ and ________ or a combinataton of both

A

mucus
H+
pepsin

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19
Q

gastric ulcers form because the mucosal barrier is

A

defective

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20
Q

H. pylori colonizes gastric mucus and attaches to ________ cells. and release ________

A

epithelial cells
cytotoxins

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21
Q

H. pylori survives in ________ environments because it has the ________ enzyme

A

acidic
urease

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22
Q

what converts the urea to ammonia, increases pH level of local environment so H. pylori can survive and bind cells instead of being shed from the body. prevents ________ and ________ from working

A

urease enzyme
HCl and pepsin from doing job

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23
Q

most dogs and cats are positive for H. pylori, but they rarely have ________

A

ulcers

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24
Q

duodenal ulcers and Zollinger Ellison syndrome occur when ________ secretory rate is higher than normal

A

H+

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25
Q

When H+ secretion is higher than it should be = overwhelming the ________ and ________ capacities

A

pancreas
buffering

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26
Q

define the disease
- high rates of H+ secretion due to high gastrin (gastrin always releasing)
- delivery of H+ into duodenum
- cause steatorrhea (decrease pH in SI big issue with enzymes = inactive ________, decrease fat ________ and increase ________ in poop)

A

gastrinoma
lipase
digestion
fat

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27
Q

increase in CO3- in aqueous solution from the exocrine pancreas is used for

A

neutralization

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28
Q

what digests major nutrient groups such as carbs, proteins, and fat from the exocrine pancreas

A

enzymatic components

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29
Q

exocrine pancreas such as aqueous and enzymatic components are about/comprise ________ of the pancreas

A

90%

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30
Q

exocrine glands lined with acinus lined with ________ cells

A

acinar

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31
Q

exocrine glands ducts lined with ________ cells

A

ductal

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32
Q

exocrine glands lined with ________ cells to secrete the aqueous portion in which HCO3- is the major component

A

centroacinar

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33
Q

SNS innervates the ________ and ________ ________ to inhibit the exocrine cells of the pancreas

A

celiac and superior mesenteric

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34
Q

PSNS innervates the ________ nerve to stimulate the exocrine cells of the pancreas

A

vagus

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35
Q

pancreatic enzymes are synthesized on the ________ ________ of acinar cells

A

rough ER

36
Q

after synthesis of pancreatic enzymes the transfer to the ________ where medications occur and are stored as ________ (inactive form of enzyme)

A

Golgi
zymogens

37
Q

________ and ________ secreted as active enzymes from the pancreas

A

amylase
lipases

38
Q

pancreatic secretions ________ secrete the inactive form (zymogen) enzyme

A

proteases

39
Q

________ component of the pancreatic secretions are isotonic and contains Na+, Cl-, K+ and HCO3-

A

aqueous

40
Q

centroacinar and ductal cells make ________ secretion, the modified by transport process in ________ cells

A

initials secretion
ductal

41
Q

luminal membrane on the pancreas contains the ________ exchanger

A

HCO3-/Cl- exchanger

42
Q

basolateral membrane on the pancreas contains the ________ and ________ exchanger

A

Na+/K+ ATPase
Na+/H+ exchanger

43
Q

________ moves into the lumen and ________ moves into the blood

A

HCO3-
H+

44
Q

________ and ________ concentrations constant

A

Na+
K+

45
Q

________ concentration increases, ________ concentration decreases at high flow rates

A

HCO3-
Cl-

46
Q

________ concentration decreases, ________ concentration decreases at low flow rates

A

HCO3-
Cl-

47
Q

at low flow rates, the solution contains mostly ________, ________ and ________

A

Na+
Cl-
water

48
Q

at high flow rates, mostly ________, ________ and ________

A

Na+
HCO3-
water

49
Q

aqueous portion of the pancreatic solution is stimulated by ________ in the duodenum

A

H+

50
Q

enzymatic portions of pancreatic solution is stimulated by products of ________

A

digestion

51
Q

aqueous portions and enzymatic portions of the pancreas regulated ________

A

separately

52
Q

what phase of pancreatic secretion is initated by smell, taste, and conditioning activated by the ________ nerve

A

cephalic phase
vagus nerve

53
Q

what phase of pancreatic secretion is initiated by distention of stomach and activated by the ________ nerve

A

gastric phase
vagus nerve

54
Q

what phase of pancreatic secretion is initated by acinar cells and ducatal cells and is considered the most important phase

A

intestinal phase

55
Q

________ cells are receptors for CCK and Ach

A

acinar

56
Q

________ cells are receptors for CCK, Ach, and Secretin

A

ductal

57
Q

________ and ________ phase prep the SI for digestion

A

cephalic phase
gastric phase

58
Q

________ ________ is needed for digestion and absorption of lipids

A

bile secretion

59
Q

________ - mixture of bile salts, bile pigment and cholesterol, phospholipids, ions and water

A

bile

60
Q

________ ________ = imulsify lipids = soluble in H2O = ingestion and solubilizing products into mycells for absoprtion

A

bile salts

61
Q

________ ________= liver, gallbladder, bile duct, duodenum, ileum and portal circulation

A

biliary system

62
Q

________ ________ enters SI to eject bile

A

biliary system

63
Q

________ synthesis componets of bile, flow out of bile ducts into gallbladder

A

hapatocytes

64
Q

define:
- stimulates contraction of gallbladder
- relax sphincter of Oddi

A

CCK

65
Q

after lipid absoprtion, bile salts reciculated to livervia reabsoprtion in ________

A

ileum

66
Q

composition of bile salts is ________

A

50%

67
Q

liver conjugates bile acids with AA to form

A

bile salts

68
Q

two primary bile acids made by hepatocytes: ________ ________ and ________ ________

A

cholic acid
chenodeoxycholic acid

69
Q

define amphipathic

A

hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends

70
Q

bile salts are ________ - emulsify lipids so digestion can occur

A

amphipathic

71
Q

bile salts bind with ________ and compounds dissolve in water

A

lipids

72
Q

________ charges on bile salts cause droplets to repel each other

A

negative

73
Q

bile salts bind products to form ________ and assist in the absorption of lipid production

A

micelles

74
Q

________ - product of hemoglobin degradation

A

bilirubin

75
Q

bilirubin is ________, ________, and ________ after degradation

A

move into urine
move into feces
recycled in the body

76
Q

function of the gallbladder

A

store bile
concentrate bile
eject bile

77
Q

bile is produced ________ and store in the ________

A

continually
gallbladder

78
Q

epithelial cells of the gallbladder absorb ________ and ________

A

ions
water

79
Q

concentration of bile comes from ________ cells

A

epithelial cells

80
Q

ejection of bile comes
- ________ minutes after ingesting a meal
- ________ will contract gallbladder and ________ anal sphincter
- ejection in ________

A

30 minutes
CCK
Relax
spurts

81
Q

most bile returns to ________ via enterohepatic circulation

A

liver

82
Q

bile salt transported from ________ lumen into ________ blood by Na+/bile salt co-transporters

A

SI
portal blood

83
Q

portal blood carrier to ________

A

liver

84
Q

________ extracts bile salts and adds to hepatic bile salt/bile acid pool

A

liver

85
Q

________ loss of bile salts is large

A

fecal

86
Q

when bile salts are NOT absorbed, they move down the ________

A

small intestine

87
Q

if you don’t absorb all bile salts, but ________ to not overwork the body

A

enough

2024 Vet physiology (76 decks)

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