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2024 Vet physiology > Exam1: Lecture 8 and 9: The Autonomic nervous system > Flashcards

Exam1: Lecture 8 and 9: The Autonomic nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

Is the autonomic nervous system involuntary or voluntary

A

Involuntary

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2
Q

ANS carrier all the neuronal output from the CNS, except for what innervation

A

Except for motor innervation of the skeletal muscle

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3
Q

What are some systems that the ANS controls

A

Smooth muscle tone
Exocrine glans and some endocrine
Cardiac performance
Energy metabolism

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4
Q

ANS ramifications into small branches differently than peripheral nervous system and functionally, characteristic elements included are:

A

Varicosities filled with NTs and mitos

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5
Q

Does the ANS have only adrenergic, nonadrengeric, cholinergic or noncholinergic?

A

Nonadrenergic and noncholinergic

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6
Q

What is the main control of the ANS

A

Hypothalamus / cortex/ hippocampus
Amygdala
Insula
Cingulate cortex

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7
Q

What is defined as being intergrated cortical level (cingulate, insular, amygdala) and mediate stereotypical stress response

A

Central autonomic network

  • information is able to move forward and backwards
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8
Q

What are the electrical impulses that cause post-junctional response

A

Positive and negative

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9
Q

Stress is a sterotyped, pattern response (or stimulus that evokes that response) causing the Hierarchial network of brain centers to regulate the _________ system. Mobilization of successful adaptive response against imposed stressors causes a release of ________ inside the body

A

Autonomic nervous system

Adrenaline

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10
Q

What type of motor system is the ANS

A

Visceral efferent motor system

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11
Q

Motor output from the ANS is influenced by the ________

A

Hypothalamus

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12
Q

Sympathetic, parasympathetic and enteric nervous systems makes up what nervous system?

A

Autonomic nervous system

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13
Q

What is defined as the break and gas of the autonomic nervous system?

A

PNS and SNS (usually anatagonisit)

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14
Q

What are the preganglionic fibers of the SNS

A

Thoracolumbar fibers - thoracic and upper lumbar spinal segments

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15
Q

What is another name for the sympathetic chain in the SNS

A

Commissural fibers

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16
Q

What group of fibers are these?

  • superior / inferior (cranial/caudal) neurons
  • pass to paravetebral collateral ganglia
  • go directly to effector directly
A

Preganglionic fibers

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17
Q

What is defined as 1 ganglion and 1 vertebral segment (except for cervical regions S,M,I)

A

Paravetebral ganglion

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18
Q

Is ACh nicotinic or muscerinic receptors coming off the preganglionic fibers?

A

Nicotinic receptors

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19
Q

What is the molecule?

Pg 8

A

Norepinephrine

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20
Q

What is the molecule?

Pg 8

A

Acetylcholine

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21
Q

Is ACh nicotinic or muscerinic receptors coming off the post- ganglionic fibers?

A

Muscerinic

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22
Q

What is the released from the motor neuron onto the effector organ in the Somatic nervous system(skeletal system)?

A

ACh

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23
Q

What does nicotinic receptors mean?

A

Ions flow through a channel

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24
Q

Describe the length of pre and post ganglion fibers in the SNS

A

Pre - short fibers
Post - long fibers

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25
Q

What is released from the preganglionic fibers of the SNS?

A

ACh

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26
Q

What is release from the postganglionic fibers in the SNS on smooth muscle and glands

A

NE

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27
Q

What is released from the post ganglionic fibers of the SNS onto sweat glands?

A

ACh (this is the exception)

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28
Q

Describe the length of pre and post ganglion fibers in the PNS

A

Pre- long fibers
Post - short fibers

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29
Q

What is released from the pre ganglionic fibers in the PNS?

A

ACh

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30
Q

What is released from the post ganglionic fibers in the PNS onto the smooth muscle and glands

A

ACh

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31
Q

What is released from the pre ganglionic fibers onto the adrenal medulla?

A

ACh

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32
Q

The Adrenal medulla only receives 1st perjection neurons and acts as ?

A

2 ndary projection neuron

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33
Q

What is released from the adrenal medulla into circulation (give amounts)

A

Epinephrine (80%)
Norepinerphine (20%)

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34
Q

what are some organs that many effetors receive dual innervation

A

heart, eyes and pupils

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35
Q

In sweat galnds the SNS post ganglionic neurotransmitter is _____ (muscarinic receptors on endothelium) causing vasodilation via nitric oxide. NO neuronal input

A

Ach

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36
Q

In sweat galnds the SNS post ganglionic neurotransmitter is ACh (muscarinic receptors on endothelium) causing vasodilation via ______. NO neuronal input

A

nitric oxide

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37
Q

what pathways are are in salivary gland that are excitatory - both prosecretory stimulate saliva secretion

A

PNS
SNS

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38
Q

Which endothelial form of NOS (nitric oxide synthase) causes synthesis of L-arginine and is Ca2+ dependent

A

Constitutive NOS (cNOS; Type III)

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39
Q

Which endothelial form of NOS (nitric oxide synthase) causes synthesis of L-arginine and is Ca2+ in-dependent

A

inducible NOS (iNOS; Type II)

  • induced by bacterial endotoxins and cytokines
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40
Q

Describe NO life span

A

NO is a very unstable molecule (gas) and short lived

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41
Q

ACh binds to what receptor to cause a constitutive influx of nitric oxide synthase

A

Ca2+

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42
Q

Acetylcholine, bradykinin, substance P, increase in K, histmaine, adenosine and increases in H(acidosis) do/do not have an stimuals for NO release?

A

DO - they cause NO release

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43
Q

Where is nitric oxide synthesized ?

A

in the endothelial cells

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44
Q

what is the effect of nitric oxide when sysnthesied in the endothelial cells on smooth muscle

A

vascular smooth muscle relaxation

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45
Q

When nitric oxide diffuses into the smooth muscle what is activated to cause smooth muscle relaxation?

A

soluble cGMP

46
Q

what molecule does Cyclic CMP (cGMP) inhibit entry into the cell for smooth muscle relaxation?

A

calcium

47
Q

what molecule does Cyclic CMP (cGMP) to take the muscle away from threshold (more negative) for smooth muscle relaxation

A

activates K+ channels

48
Q

Cylic CMP (cGMP) stimulates what protein kinase to activate myosin light chain phosphatase to break bonds between myosin and actin in the uncontracted state to cause smooth muscle relaxation?

A

stimulates a cGMP-dependent protein kinase

49
Q

In sweat glands, _____ activates (M3 receptors) for contraction of myoepithelial cells allowing for movement and contraction of fluids to leave the body

A

ACh

50
Q

What is described as fight or flight

A

SNS

51
Q

What is described as rest and digest

A

PNS

52
Q

What is responsible for decrease in threshold of reticular formation (awareness of situation) and the effects are NOT spatially discreet (they happen at the same time because paravertebral ganglion)

A

SNS

53
Q

What is responsible for:
- dilates pupils
- bronchiodilation
- Increase HR
- Increase cardiac output (HR)
- constricts skin blood perfusion
- decrease GI motility
- Increase blood glucose and free fatty acids

A

SNS

54
Q

what division of the PNS is responsible for
- brain stem nuclei of cranial nerves
- cranial nerves III (eyes)
- Faciala and glossopharyngeal (VII and IX) and vagus
- Thoracic and abdominal visceria (CNX)

A

cranioscaral division

55
Q

What division of the PNS is responsible for
- sacral neurons from preganglionic neurons in 3rd and 4th sacral segments
- bladder, rectum, genital (pevlic ganglion)

A

carniosacral divion

56
Q

Does the PNS have paravetebral ganglia?

A

NO

57
Q

What type of commissural fibers does nitric oxide have?

A

intrganglion commissural fibers

58
Q

what nervous system is defined?
- vegetative formation
- pupil contraction
- increased GI motality
- sexaul function

A

PNS

59
Q

What nerve system is defined?

  • Spatially discreet
  • negative cardiac chronotropism
A

PNS

60
Q

Is ACh - Na1- / Na10 ionotropic / metabotropic and excitatory or inhibitory

A

ionotropic and excitatory

61
Q

Is M1-M5 receptor ionotropic / metabotropic and excitatory or inhibitor

A

metabotropic and excitatory

62
Q

what is the vascualar actions of ACh

A

most blood vessels have ACh, but little to no PNS innervation

63
Q

is ACh circulating in the blood?

A

No

64
Q

Where are ACh receptors not VSM

A

endothelial cells

65
Q

Does cholinergic transmission release NO?

A

yes!

66
Q

What M receptor is in the gastric and salivary gland and the CNS?

A

M1

67
Q

What M receptors functional response is glandular secretion increase and CNS excitation

A

M1

68
Q

What M receptors is located in the heart, GI and smooth muscle?

A

M2

69
Q

What M receptors functional response is cardiac inhibition, neural inhibition, central musceneric effects?

A

M2

70
Q

What M receptor is in the exocrine glands, SM of the eye and GI tract, and vascualr endothelium?

A

M3

71
Q

What M receptors functional response has an increase in glandular secretion, GI Smooth muscle constriction, ocular accommodation and vasodilation?

A

M3

72
Q

What are the common antagonist between M1, M2 and M3 ?

A

Atropine

73
Q

LMN/UMN: leaves the spinal cord and goes all the way to the target tissue (no synapse)

A

LMN

74
Q

What control the lower motor neuron

A

Upper motor neurons

75
Q

What reacts to nictoinic and ionotropic receptors?

A

ACh

76
Q

What enzyme is needed to take Acetyl-CoA and Choline to form Acetylcholine

A

Choline Acetyltransferase (cha-1)

77
Q

What enzyme is needed to take Acetylcholine and make Acetate and Choline

A

Acetylcholinesterase
- and water

78
Q

Define MAO in catecholamine biosynthetic pathway

A

monoamine oxidase - degrades catacolamines

79
Q

Define COMT in catecholamine biosynthetic pathway

A

degrades catacolamines

80
Q

What is the different between a NE and EPi molecule

A

PNMT: the methyl group that gets added

81
Q

What process turns tyrosine into dopa

A

hydroxylation

82
Q

What process turns dopa into dopamine

A

decarboxylation

83
Q

Once transport of dompaine into the vessels, what process turns dompamine into NE

A

hydroxylation

84
Q

In the adrenal medulla, this reaction goes still one step further to trasnfrom about 80% of NE to EPi. What process is used to do so?

A

methylation

85
Q

What G protein is responsible for:
- couple hormone receptors to effector molecules
- heterotrimeric (a,b, y)

A

GTP

86
Q

T/F: G proteins can either be excitatory

A

False - they can be excitatory and inhibitory
- stimulatory (Gas)
- inhibitory (Gai)

87
Q

What is the sex step plan in signal transduction of G proteins?

A

recognition
transduction
transmission
modulation of effector
response
termination

88
Q

What does it mean that G proteins are in inducer?

A

they will convert one form of energy into something else

89
Q

One of the 3 subunits of G proteins leave the G protein complex. which subunits is it?

A

alpha
- alpha normally is the subunit to leave for any reaction

90
Q

the Alpha subunit that left he G protein complex interacts with AC, which makes ATP and converts it into __________, which is ale to carry message of ligand intracellular to make PKA

A

cyclic AMP

91
Q

What process is used to break diester bonds
- breaks down 2nd messenger system to stop the cellular event

A

Phopshodiesterase

92
Q

What is the enzyme cascade that breaks down phospholipids

A

PLC beta

93
Q

Once activation of a phospholipase C it will take PIP2 and convert it into which two substances?

A

DAG
IP3

94
Q

What is the role of DAG

A

comes into the cytosol and the SR and take calcium and leaves the cell - contraction of the skeletal muscle or vasconstriction of blood vessels

95
Q

What is the role of IP3

A

it causes 2nd messenger systems - if you have IP3 activated you will have an increase in DAg

96
Q

when you have calcium in excess what is the result?

A

contraction

97
Q

What must form for a muscle contraction of smooth muscle

A

calcium-calmodulin

98
Q

What type of protein is calcium-calmodulin?

A

regulatory protein

99
Q

If you have a drug that can modify _________ ______ then you can modify everything after

A

Arachidonic acid

100
Q

define chronotropic

A

timed event (HR)

101
Q

define inotropic

A

force or strength of contraction

102
Q

In the SNS when ACh is released, is chronotropic + or -

A

positive

103
Q

In the SNS when ACh is released, is iontropic + or -

A

positive

104
Q

In the PNS when ACh is released, is chronotropic + or -

A

negative

  • because it take nobal tissue away from threshold
    (longer to reach threshold)
105
Q

define dromotropic

A

speed of conduction

106
Q

define Lusitropic

A

speed of relaxation

107
Q

What sets the contractability of the heart - increase or decrease in strength contraction

A

Ca2+

108
Q

PNS/SNS: localized to the nobal tissue. the thing that controls or sets the rate of the heart rate
- Sets the HR NOT THE STRENGTH

A

PNS

109
Q

T/F: The adrenal medulla has the ability to secrete NE

A

true

110
Q

When the adrenal medulla secretes acteacholamines it secretes what two substances

A

NE and EPi

111
Q

What is the main neurotransmitter released from the adrenal medulla

A

Epi

112
Q

What process convert NE into EPi

A

PNMT

2024 Vet physiology (28 decks)

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