Exam 5: Lecture 69: Adrenal Medulla and Cortex: AI Questions

Question 1

Which zone of the adrenal cortex is responsible for producing aldosterone?
A) Zona fasciculata
B) Zona reticularis
C) Zona glomerulosa
D) Adrenal medulla

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The enzyme phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT) is required for the synthesis of:
A) Cortisol
B) Norepinephrine
C) Epinephrine
D) Aldosterone

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which hormone stimulates the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone in the adrenal cortex?
A) Cortisol
B) ACTH
C) Angiotensin II
D) Epinephrine

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The major stimulus for catecholamine release from the adrenal medulla is:
A) Parasympathetic activation
B) ACTH secretion
C) Sympathetic nervous system activation
D) Low blood glucose

Answer 4

C

Question 5

Cortisol primarily exerts its effects by binding to:
A) Membrane receptors
B) Nuclear receptors
C) Cytosolic glucocorticoid receptors
D) G-protein coupled receptors

Answer 5

C

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a typical effect of cortisol?
A) Increased gluconeogenesis
B) Enhanced protein synthesis
C) Increased lipolysis
D) Suppressed immune response

Answer 6

B

Question 7

The adrenal medulla predominantly produces which catecholamine?
A) Norepinephrine
B) Dopamine
C) Epinephrine
D) Serotonin

Answer 7

C

Question 8

In the regulation of aldosterone, an increase in blood potassium levels leads to:
A) Decreased aldosterone secretion
B) Increased aldosterone secretion
C) Increased cortisol production
D) Decreased ACTH release

Answer 8

B

Question 9

The rate-limiting step in steroid hormone synthesis is:
A) Conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone
B) Release of ACTH
C) Conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone
D) Secretion of aldosterone

Answer 9

C

Question 10

Which hormone is responsible for the “fight or flight” response?
A) Cortisol
B) Aldosterone
C) Epinephrine
D) Insulin

Answer 10

C

Question 11

The primary regulator of cortisol secretion is:
A) Angiotensin II
B) ACTH
C) Dopamine
D) TSH

Answer 11

B

Question 12

Chronic administration of exogenous corticosteroids would most likely result in:
A) Adrenal gland hyperplasia
B) Increased ACTH secretion
C) Adrenal gland atrophy
D) Hyperaldosteronism

Answer 12

C

Question 13

Aldosterone’s main action on the kidneys is to:
A) Increase glucose reabsorption
B) Increase potassium excretion
C) Decrease sodium reabsorption
D) Inhibit water reabsorption

Answer 13

B

Question 14

The adrenal cortex hormone involved in long-term blood pressure regulation is:
A) Epinephrine
B) Cortisol
C) Aldosterone
D) ACTH

Answer 14

C

Question 15

Which enzyme is critical for the final step of cortisol synthesis?
A) 11β-hydroxylase
B) PNMT
C) 17α-hydroxylase
D) Aromatase

Answer 15

A

Question 16

A deficiency in 21-hydroxylase would most likely result in:
A) Excess cortisol production
B) Increased aldosterone synthesis
C) Decreased cortisol and aldosterone production
D) Overproduction of epinephrine

Answer 16

C

Question 17

The primary trigger for renin release from the kidneys is:
A) High blood potassium levels
B) High blood pressure
C) Low blood pressure
D) Increased ACTH

Answer 17

C

Question 18

Which of the following is an effect of epinephrine on metabolism?
A) Decreased blood glucose levels
B) Increased glycogen breakdown
C) Inhibition of lipolysis
D) Reduced heart rate

Answer 18

B

Question 19

The adrenal medulla is considered a modified:
A) Parasympathetic ganglion
B) Endocrine gland
C) Sympathetic ganglion
D) Peripheral nerve

Answer 19

C

Question 20

Which hormone is directly involved in the negative feedback regulation of the HPA axis?
A) Epinephrine
B) Cortisol
C) Aldosterone
D) ACTH

Answer 20

B

Question 21

The zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex primarily produces:
A) Mineralocorticoids
B) Glucocorticoids
C) Androgens
D) Catecholamines

Answer 21

C

Question 22

The primary function of aldosterone is to:
A) Decrease blood glucose levels
B) Increase water reabsorption in the kidneys
C) Regulate sodium and potassium balance
D) Stimulate cortisol production

Answer 22

C

Question 23

Which factor increases ACTH secretion?
A) High cortisol levels
B) Exogenous steroids
C) Stress
D) Dopamine

Answer 23

C

Question 24

In Cushing’s syndrome, the typical finding is:
A) Low cortisol, high ACTH
B) High cortisol, low ACTH
C) High cortisol, high ACTH
D) Low cortisol, low ACTH

Answer 24

B

Question 25

The enzyme required for the synthesis of aldosterone in the zona glomerulosa is:
A) 21-hydroxylase
B) Aldosterone synthase
C) 11β-hydroxylase
D) PNMT

Answer 25

B

Question 26

Which of the following is a primary effect of cortisol on the immune system?
A) Enhanced antibody production
B) Suppression of inflammation
C) Increased release of cytokines
D) Activation of T-lymphocytes

Answer 26

B

Question 27

Which enzyme is essential for converting norepinephrine to epinephrine in the adrenal medulla?
A) 21-hydroxylase
B) Phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT)
C) Aromatase
D) 11β-hydroxylase

Answer 27

B

Question 28

The primary mechanism of action of aldosterone on the kidney involves:
A) Inhibition of sodium channels
B) Activation of mineralocorticoid receptors in the distal nephron
C) Inhibition of renin release
D) Increased secretion of epinephrine

Answer 28

B

Question 29

In a dog with Addison’s disease, you would expect to find:
A) High cortisol and high aldosterone
B) Low cortisol and high aldosterone
C) Low cortisol and low aldosterone
D) High cortisol and low aldosterone

Answer 29

C

Question 30

Which of the following hormones directly stimulates the release of aldosterone?
A) Cortisol
B) Angiotensin II
C) Epinephrine
D) Dopamine

Answer 30

B

Question 31

The adrenal cortex primarily produces which type of hormone?
A) Peptide hormones
B) Steroid hormones
C) Catecholamines
D) Protein hormones

Answer 31

B

Question 32

During a hypoglycemic episode, the release of which hormone would increase the most to counteract low blood glucose?
A) Insulin
B) Cortisol
C) Aldosterone
D) Thyroxine

Answer 32

B

Question 33

Which hormone is synthesized in response to both low blood pressure and high blood potassium levels?
A) Epinephrine
B) Cortisol
C) Aldosterone
D) Norepinephrine

Answer 33

C

Question 34

A common side effect of long-term corticosteroid therapy is:
A) Increased immune response
B) Adrenal hyperplasia
C) Adrenal suppression and atrophy
D) Increased ACTH secretion

Answer 34

C

Question 35

The “short-loop” negative feedback in the HPA axis involves:
A) Cortisol inhibiting CRH release
B) ACTH inhibiting CRH release
C) Epinephrine inhibiting ACTH release
D) Cortisol inhibiting adrenal medulla function

Answer 35

B